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  2. Fungal Environmental Pollutants Mitochondrial Metabolism
  3. Thifluzamide

Thifluzamide is a fungicide that inhibits fungal respiration by blocking the ubiquinone-binding site in mitochondrial complex II. Thifluzamide exhibits significant activity against Basidiomycota pathogens (such as Rhizoctonia cerealis, Ustilago and Puccinia genera) and is commonly used in studies on wheat sharp eyespot. Thifluzamide displays a dual mechanism in regulating lipid metabolism: it reduces fatty acid synthase activity to inhibit endogenous fatty acid synthesis, and increases carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I activity to accelerate fatty acid β-oxidation, thereby reducing total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the liver. Thifluzamide also induces hepatotoxicity in zebrafish models and carries a risk of developmental toxicity. Thifluzamide inhibition of Rhizoctonia cerealis may result in low to moderate levels of drug resistance, leading to the generation of stable drug-resistant mutants.

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Thifluzamide

Thifluzamide Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 130000-40-7

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Description

Thifluzamide is a fungicide that inhibits fungal respiration by blocking the ubiquinone-binding site in mitochondrial complex II. Thifluzamide exhibits significant activity against Basidiomycota pathogens (such as Rhizoctonia cerealis, Ustilago and Puccinia genera) and is commonly used in studies on wheat sharp eyespot. Thifluzamide displays a dual mechanism in regulating lipid metabolism: it reduces fatty acid synthase activity to inhibit endogenous fatty acid synthesis, and increases carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I activity to accelerate fatty acid β-oxidation, thereby reducing total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the liver. Thifluzamide also induces hepatotoxicity in zebrafish models and carries a risk of developmental toxicity. Thifluzamide inhibition of Rhizoctonia cerealis may result in low to moderate levels of drug resistance, leading to the generation of stable drug-resistant mutants[1][2].

In Vitro

Thifluzamide (0.01-0.4 μg/mL; 4-5 d) inhibits mycelial growth of field-isolated Rhizoctonia cerealis strains, with an EC50 of 0.064 μg/mL[2].
Treatment with Thifluzamide (1-200 μg/mL) induces the generation of two Rhizoctonia cerealis mutants with high resistance (RF=120) and moderate resistance (RF=40), respectively[2].
Resistance to Thifluzamide in Rhizoctonia cerealis mutants WX14-1 and WX14-2 remains stable after 10 successive transfers on fungicide-free media; compared with the wild-type Rhizoctonia cerealis strain WX14, these mutants show no fitness cost in terms of mycelial growth, pathogenicity or sclerotial production[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

In Vivo

Thifluzamide (0.019-1.90 mg/L; 28 days) disrupts lipid metabolism in adult zebrafish, reducing hepatic TG and TCHO levels by inhibiting fatty acid synthesis and enhancing fatty acid oxidation, with the most pronounced effects observed at the 1.90 mg/L dose[1].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model: Danio rerio Zebrafish (adult, approximately five months old)[1]
Dosage: 0.019 mg/L; 0.19 mg/L; 1.90 mg/L
Administration: aqueous exposure; continuous; 28 days (daily solution refreshment)
Result: Decreased condition factor to 0.84-fold of the control at 1.90 mg/L.
Decreased hepatic triglyceride (TG) content to 0.56-fold, 0.51-fold, and 0.36-fold of the control at 0.019 mg/L, 0.19 mg/L, and 1.90 mg/L, respectively.
Decreased hepatic total cholesterol (TCHO) content to 0.68-fold and 0.62-fold of the control at 0.19 mg/L and 1.90 mg/L, respectively.
Detected no accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver at any dose.
Decreased fatty acid synthetase (FAS) activity to 0.76-fold and 0.81-fold of the control at 0.19 mg/L and 1.90 mg/L, respectively; no change at 0.019 mg/L.
Increased carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT-I) activity by 1.21-fold and 1.29-fold of the control at 0.19 mg/L and 1.90 mg/L, respectively; no change at 0.019 mg/L.
Observed no apparent changes in hepatic lipase (HL) or lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activities at any dose.
Molecular Weight

528.06

Formula

C13H6Br2F6N2O2S

CAS No.
Appearance

Solid

Color

Light yellow to khaki

SMILES

O=C(C1=C(C(F)(F)F)N=C(C)S1)NC2=C(Br)C=C(OC(F)(F)F)C=C2Br

Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage
Powder -20°C 3 years
4°C 2 years
In solvent -80°C 2 years
-20°C 1 year
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro: 

DMSO : ≥ 29 mg/mL (54.92 mM; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

*"≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.

Preparing
Stock Solutions
Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 1.8937 mL 9.4686 mL 18.9372 mL
5 mM 0.3787 mL 1.8937 mL 3.7874 mL
View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

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Purity & Documentation
References

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
DMSO 1 mM 1.8937 mL 9.4686 mL 18.9372 mL 47.3431 mL
5 mM 0.3787 mL 1.8937 mL 3.7874 mL 9.4686 mL
10 mM 0.1894 mL 0.9469 mL 1.8937 mL 4.7343 mL
15 mM 0.1262 mL 0.6312 mL 1.2625 mL 3.1562 mL
20 mM 0.0947 mL 0.4734 mL 0.9469 mL 2.3672 mL
25 mM 0.0757 mL 0.3787 mL 0.7575 mL 1.8937 mL
30 mM 0.0631 mL 0.3156 mL 0.6312 mL 1.5781 mL
40 mM 0.0473 mL 0.2367 mL 0.4734 mL 1.1836 mL
50 mM 0.0379 mL 0.1894 mL 0.3787 mL 0.9469 mL
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Thifluzamide
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HY-B2004
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