Penicillinase (from calf stomach)

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a biochemical technology widely used to detect and quantify proteins, antibodies, hormones and other biomolecules. This method uses enzyme-labeled antibodies or antigens to specifically bind to the test substance, and generates a measurable signal through an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. ELISA has the characteristics of high sensitivity, specificity and high-throughput, and is suitable for medical diagnosis, biomedical research and drug development and other fields.

Endocrine diseases often arise from disrupted hormone production, hormone signaling, or target-tissue responsiveness; for diabetes-focused endocrine disease models, insulin signaling regulates glucose uptake, hepatic glucose output, lipid metabolism, and β-cell compensation. Type 2 diabetes develops through interacting defects in insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, adipose inflammation, hepatic glucose overproduction, altered incretin signaling, and ectopic lipid metabolism. A major unresolved question is whether endocrine dysfunction is driven primarily by target-tissue insulin resistance, intrinsic β-cell failure, immune/inflammatory stress, or combined multi-organ failure that differs by disease stage.