Probenecid sodium
Based on 43 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Probenecid sodium is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable Pannexin 1 channel inhibitor. Probenecid sodium exhibits anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and neuroprotective activities. Probenecid sodium can be used in research related to multiple sclerosis, focal cerebral ischemic injury, influenza virus infection, and nephropathy.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity: 99.37%
- CAS No.: 23795-03-1
- Formula: C13H18NNaO4S
- Molecular Weight:307.34
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Storage:
4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Probenecid sodium
More- Nat Immunol. 2026 May;27(5):949-960. [Abstract]
- Immunity. 2022 Apr 12;55(4):686-700.e7. [Abstract]
- Cell Res. 2022 Jul;32(7):638-658. [Abstract]
- Cell Mol Immunol. 2020 Mar;17(3):261-271. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2026 Feb 12;17(1):1214. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Dec 22:e09056. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Oct 6:e10270. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 May 8:e2503579. [Abstract]
- Int J Biol Sci. 2022 Apr 11;18(7):2914-2931. [Abstract]
- Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2025 Sep 15. [Abstract]
- Drug Deliv. 2025 Dec;32(1):2490269. [Abstract]
- Food Res Int. 2025 Feb:201:115590. [Abstract]
- ACS Environ Au. 2025 Aug 5;5(6):573-582. [Abstract]
- J Transl Med. 2025 Jul 11;23(1):781. [Abstract]
- Cell Rep. 2025 Mar 25;44(4):115466. [Abstract]
- Anal Chem. 2025 Jun 3;97(21):11099-11109. [Abstract]
- J Agric Food Chem. 2016 Oct 26;64(42):7899-7910. [Abstract]
- Front Immunol. 2026 Jan 12:16:1683500. [Abstract]
- Transl Res. 2024 May 9:271:26-39. [Abstract]
- Chin Med. 2026 Jan 24;21(1):51. [Abstract]
- Chem Biol Interact. 2024 Oct 29:111293. [Abstract]
- Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Mar 5;20(5). pii: E1125. [Abstract]
- Front Pharmacol. 2022 Feb 23;13:816133. [Abstract]
- Exp Neurol. 2025 Jan:383:115040. [Abstract]
- Cell Calcium. 2026 Mar 20:135:103133. [Abstract]
- Cell Calcium. 2024 Jun:120:102883. [Abstract]
- J Endocrinol Invest. 2025 Feb;48(2):317-332. [Abstract]
- Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2019 Nov:108:104449. [Abstract]
- Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2024 Nov:492:117112. [Abstract]
- Adv Med Educ Pract. 2021 Mar 4:12:237-243. [Abstract]
- Mol Pharmacol. 2025 Dec;107(12):100084. [Abstract]
- Neuroscience. 2022 Jul 1:494:51-68. [Abstract]
- Toxicol In Vitro. 2020 Dec;69:104971. [Abstract]
- J Dig Dis. 2025 Apr 14. [Abstract]
- Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2024 May 15:721:150128. [Abstract]
- Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2022 Dec;43(6):265-271. [Abstract]
- Lasers Surg Med. 2017 Sep;49(7):719-726. [Abstract]
- bioRxiv. 2026 Mar 12.
- bioRxiv. 2026 Jan 7.
- bioRxiv. 2025 Dec 18.
- Res Sq. 2024 Nov 17.
- Research Square Print. August 31st, 2022.
- Research Square Preprint. 2021 Aug.
Biological Activity
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TRPV2 |
Probenecid (0.001-100000 μM; 1-24 h) sodium potently inhibits the replication of Anhui/1-H7N9 in NHBE/A549 cells[1].
Probenecid (0.001-100000 μM; 1-24 h) sodium potently inhibits the replication of VN/1203-H5N1 in VeroE6 cells, with an IC50 of 0.00003 μM under the condition of 24 h prophylactic treatment and an IC50 of 0.001 μM under the condition of treatment at 1 hour post-infection[1].
Probenecid sodium inhibits the entry of aristolochic acid into proximal tubular cell lines via human organic anion transporters (OATs) and preserves cell viability[2].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Probenecid (150 mg/kg; i.p.; twice daily; up to 8 days) sodium exerts renoprotective effects in a mouse model of aristolochic acid nephropathy, prevents acute kidney injury, alleviates tubulointerstitial injury and DNA repair/proliferation responses, and reduces the levels of advanced aristolochic acid-DNA adducts[2].
Probenecid (250 mg/kg, i.p., once daily for 20 consecutive days) sodium inhibits symptom progression in mice with autoimmune encephalomyelitis[3].
Probenecid (1 mg/kg; intraperitoneal injection; twice) sodium significantly reduces cerebral infarction volume and improves neurological function in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia[4].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Animal Model:BALB/c mice (female, 6-8 weeks old)[1]
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Dosage:10 mg/kg; 100 mg/kg
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Administration:i.g.; twice daily; 3 days
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Result:Maintained stable weight from day 3 pi through day 6 pi.
Reduced lung virus titers (10 mg/kg).
Eliminated detectable lung virus(100 mg/kg).
Caused a significant reduction in serum IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels on days 3 and 5 pi compared to untreated infected controls (10 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg).
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Animal Model:C57BL/6 mice (12-week-old, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model)[3]
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Dosage:250 mg/kg
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Administration:i.p.; once daily; 20 days
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Result:Stabilized clinical scores on day 16 post-immunization and maintained unchanged scores for the duration of the experiment, with a significantly lower mean clinical score at day 28 compared to control groups.
Achieved 89% survival rate (8 out of 9 mice) by day 35 post-immunization, compared to 50% in untreated EAE mice and less than 65% in solvent-treated mice.
Reduced CD3-positive T cell numbers in spinal cords compared to control groups.
Decreased CD68-positive activated microglia area in spinal cords compared to control groups.
Increased Olig-2-positive oligodendrocyte numbers significantly in spinal cords compared to control groups.
Elevated myelinated area (via PAS staining) significantly in spinal cords compared to control groups.
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Animal Model:C57BL/6J mice (male, 25-30 g, focal cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 60 minutes followed by reperfusion)[4]
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Dosage:1 mg/kg
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Administration:i.p.; injected immediately before ischemia onset and 2 hours after reperfusion; injected immediately after reperfusion and 3 hours after reperfusion
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Result:Reduced infarct volume and improved neurological score.
Attenuated stroke-induced increases in ipsilateral cortical brain water content.
Significantly increased the number of NeuN+ neurons in the ischemic core.
Significantly reduced the number of CD68+ macrophages/microglia in the ischemic core.
Significantly reduced serum HMGB1 concentrations.
Downregulated AQP4 protein expression in the cortical penumbra.
Reduced activation of GFAP+ astrocytes in the cortical penumbra.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 23795-03-1
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 307.34
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Formula C13H18NNaO4S
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Color White to off-white
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SMILES
O=C(C1=CC=C(S(=O)(N(CCC)CCC)=O)C=C1)O[Na]
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)
Publications (43)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Nat Immunol
Lipid asymmetry disruption by XKR8 orchestrates neutrophil extracellular trap formation and inhibits fungal infection. [Abstract]2026 May;27(5):949-960. PMID: 41781710 -
Immunity
Intestinal Tuft-2 cells exert antimicrobial immunity via sensing bacterial metabolite N-undecanoylglycine. [Abstract]2022 Apr 12;55(4):686-700.e7. PMID: 35320705 -
Cell Res
SLC1A1-mediated cellular and mitochondrial influx of R-2-hydroxyglutarate in vascular endothelial cells promotes tumor angiogenesis in IDH1-mutant solid tumors. [Abstract]2022 Jul;32(7):638-658. PMID: 35459936 -
Cell Mol Immunol
ACPAs promote IL-1β production in rheumatoid arthritis by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome. [Abstract]2020 Mar;17(3):261-271. PMID: 30911117 -
Nat Commun
Human iPSC-based Modeling of Pulmonary Fibrosis Reveals p300/CBP Inhibition Suppresses Alveolar Transitional Cell State. [Abstract]2026 Feb 12;17(1):1214. PMID: 41680175 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
Hyperviscous Diabetic Bone Marrow Niche Impairs BMSCs Osteogenesis via TRPV2-Mediated Cytoskeletal-Nuclear Mechanotransduction. [Abstract]2025 Dec 22:e09056. PMID: 41431162 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
Uric Acid Functions as an Endogenous Modulator of Microglial Function and Amyloid Clearance in Alzheimer's Disease. [Abstract]2025 Oct 6:e10270. PMID: 41051385 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
Neuronal FGF13 Inhibits Mitochondria-Derived Damage Signals to Prevent Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. [Abstract]2025 May 8:e2503579. PMID: 40344619 -
Int J Biol Sci
GRP75-faciliated Mitochondria-associated ER Membrane (MAM) Integrity controls Cisplatin-resistance in Ovarian Cancer Patients. [Abstract]2022 Apr 11;18(7):2914-2931. PMID: 35541901 -
Acta Pharmacol Sin
Species differences in the hepatobiliary disposition of morphine-6-glucuronide mediated by hepatic transporters in rats and humans. [Abstract]2025 Sep 15. PMID: 40954191 -
Drug Deliv
Reliable high-PAP-1-loaded polymeric micelles for cancer therapy: preparation, characterization, and evaluation of anti-tumor efficacy. [Abstract]2025 Dec;32(1):2490269. PMID: 40207975 -
Food Res Int
Ergothioneine exerts neuroprotective effects in Parkinson's disease: Targeting α-synuclein aggregation and oxidative stress. [Abstract]2025 Feb:201:115590. PMID: 39849723 -
ACS Environ Au
Machine Learning-Assisted Recognition of Environmental Sulfur-Containing Chemicals in Nontargeted Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Inadequate Mass Resolution. [Abstract]2025 Aug 5;5(6):573-582. PMID: 41277996 -
J Transl Med
Chronic sleep deprivation induces plasma exosome-derived miR-150-5p downregulation as a novel mechanism involved in Parkinson's disease progression by targeting DCLK1. [Abstract]2025 Jul 11;23(1):781. PMID: 40646516 -
Cell Rep
Structural basis for the reversal of human MRP4-mediated multidrug resistance by lapatinib. [Abstract]2025 Mar 25;44(4):115466. PMID: 40138312 -
Anal Chem
Exposome-Scale Investigation of Cl-/Br-Containing Chemicals Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Multistage Machine Learning, and Cloud Computing. [Abstract]2025 Jun 3;97(21):11099-11109. PMID: 40401576 -
J Agric Food Chem
Nuciferine Alleviates Renal Injury by Inhibiting Inflammatory Responses in Fructose-Fed Rats. [Abstract]2016 Oct 26;64(42):7899-7910. PMID: 27718563 -
Front Immunol
TENS alleviates CP/CPPS-related inflammation and pain by modulating Kir2.1-dependent macrophage polarization. [Abstract]2026 Jan 12:16:1683500. PMID: 41624842 -
Transl Res
Counteracting TGM2 by a Fibroin peptide ameliorated Adriamycin-induced nephropathy via regulation of lipid metabolism through PANX1-PPAR α/PANK1 pathway. [Abstract]2024 May 9:271:26-39. PMID: 38734063 -
Chin Med
Targeting G-protein-coupled receptors and gut microbiota: Ge-Lian Qi-Shen decoction elevates GLP-1 to combat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. [Abstract]2026 Jan 24;21(1):51. PMID: 41580820 -
Chem Biol Interact
7-Hydroxycoumarin and its conjugated metabolites interact with organic anion transporters 1 and 3 in vitro and in vivo. [Abstract]2024 Oct 29:111293. PMID: 39481674 -
Int J Mol Sci
Cisplatin Synergistically Enhances Antitumor Potency of Conditionally Replicating Adenovirus via p53 Dependent or Independent Pathways in Human Lung Carcinoma. [Abstract]2019 Mar 5;20(5). pii: E1125. PMID: 30841620 -
Front Pharmacol
Ca2+-Permeable Channels/Ca2+ Signaling in the Regulation of Ileal Na+/Gln Co-Transport in Mice. [Abstract]2022 Feb 23;13:816133. PMID: 35281933 -
Exp Neurol
Early α-synuclein/synapsin III co-accumulation, nigrostriatal dopaminergic synaptopathy and denervation in the MPTPp mouse model of Parkinson's Disease. [Abstract]2025 Jan:383:115040. PMID: 39500391 -
Cell Calcium
Impact of channel properties, imaging strategies and diffusional constraints on the detectability of Ca2+ microdomains. [Abstract]2026 Mar 20:135:103133. PMID: 41895149 -
Cell Calcium
Simultaneous TIRF imaging of subplasmalemmal Ca2+ dynamics and granule fusions in insulin-secreting INS-1 cells reveals coexistent synchronized and asynchronous release. [Abstract]2024 Jun:120:102883. PMID: 38643716 -
J Endocrinol Invest
2025 Feb;48(2):317-332. PMID: 39527372 -
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol
2019 Nov:108:104449. PMID: 31449916 -
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol
Human trophoblast organoids for improved prediction of placental ABC transporter-mediated drug transport. [Abstract]2024 Nov:492:117112. PMID: 39326791 -
Adv Med Educ Pract
Online Medical Education in India - Different Challenges and Probable Solutions in the Age of COVID-19. [Abstract]2021 Mar 4:12:237-243. PMID: 33692645 -
Mol Pharmacol
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 activation accelerates keratinocyte migration in vitro but not dermal wound healing in vivo. [Abstract]2025 Dec;107(12):100084. PMID: 41240425 -
Neuroscience
Inhibition of TRPA1 Attenuates Oxidative Stress-induced Damage After Traumatic Brain Injury via the ERK/AKT Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]2022 Jul 1:494:51-68. PMID: 35158017 -
Toxicol In Vitro
YAN, a novel microtubule inhibitor, inhibits P-gp and MRP1 function and induces mitotic slippage followed by apoptosis in multidrug-resistant A549/Taxol cells. [Abstract]2020 Dec;69:104971. PMID: 32805372 -
J Dig Dis
DREADDs-Based Chemogenetics Induced Slow Transit Constipation via Inhibition of Enteric Neurons. [Abstract]2025 Apr 14. PMID: 40223443 -
Biochem Biophys Res Commun
Protective role of TRPV2 in synaptic plasticity through the ERK1/2-CREB-BDNF pathway in chronic unpredictable mild stress rats. [Abstract]2024 May 15:721:150128. PMID: 38776831 -
Biopharm Drug Dispos
Inhibition of canalicular and sinusoidal taurocholate efflux by cholestatic drugs in human hepatoma HepaRG cells. [Abstract]2022 Dec;43(6):265-271. PMID: 36195987 -
Lasers Surg Med
The sensitivity of glioma cells to pyropheophorbide-αmethyl ester-mediated photodynamic therapy is enhanced by inhibiting ABCG2. [Abstract]2017 Sep;49(7):719-726. PMID: 28370217 -
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Solvent & Solubility
DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (325.37 mM; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
* "≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (284 KB)
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SDS (396 KB)
- English - EN (396 KB)
- Français - FR (396 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (396 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (396 KB)
- Español - ES (396 KB)
- Swedish - SV (396 KB)
- Italian - IT (396 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (396 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Murray J, et al. Probenecid Inhibits Influenza A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) Viruses In Vitro and in Mice. Viruses. 2024;16(1):152. Published 2024 Jan 19. [Content Brief]
[2]. Baudoux TE, et al. Probenecid prevents acute tubular necrosis in a mouse model of aristolochic acid nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2012;82(10):1105-1113. [Content Brief]
[3]. Hainz N, et al. Probenecid arrests the progression of pronounced clinical symptoms in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):17214. Published 2017 Dec 8. [Content Brief]
[4]. Xiong XX, et al. Probenecid protects against transient focal cerebral ischemic injury by inhibiting HMGB1 release and attenuating AQP4 expression in mice. Neurochem Res. 2014;39(1):216-224. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO | 1 mM | 3.2537 mL | 16.2686 mL | 32.5373 mL | 81.3431 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.6507 mL | 3.2537 mL | 6.5075 mL | 16.2686 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3254 mL | 1.6269 mL | 3.2537 mL | 8.1343 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.2169 mL | 1.0846 mL | 2.1692 mL | 5.4229 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.1627 mL | 0.8134 mL | 1.6269 mL | 4.0672 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.1301 mL | 0.6507 mL | 1.3015 mL | 3.2537 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.1085 mL | 0.5423 mL | 1.0846 mL | 2.7114 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.0813 mL | 0.4067 mL | 0.8134 mL | 2.0336 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0651 mL | 0.3254 mL | 0.6507 mL | 1.6269 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0542 mL | 0.2711 mL | 0.5423 mL | 1.3557 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0407 mL | 0.2034 mL | 0.4067 mL | 1.0168 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0325 mL | 0.1627 mL | 0.3254 mL | 0.8134 mL |
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