Norepinephrine bitartrate monohydrate
Based on 62 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Norepinephrine (Levarterenol; L-Noradrenaline) bitartrate monohydrate is a potent adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist. Norepinephrine activates α1, α2, β1 receptors.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity: 99.96%
- CAS No.: 108341-18-0
- Formula: C12H19NO10
- Molecular Weight:337.28
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Storage:
4°C, protect from light, stored under nitrogen
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light, stored under nitrogen)
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Protocol
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Norepinephrine bitartrate monohydrate
More- Nature. 2025 Jul;643(8070):192-200. [Abstract]
- Cell. 2026 Mar 5;189(5):1323-1340.e25. [Abstract]
- Cell. 2025 Sep 18;188(19):5142-5156.e23. [Abstract]
- Immunity. 2026 Mar 10;59(3):598-617.e11. [Abstract]
- Cell Stem Cell. 2025 Mar 20:S1934-5909(25)00084-0. [Abstract]
- Cell Mol Immunol. 2023 Feb;20(2):175-188. [Abstract]
- ACS Nano. 2022 Aug 23;16(8):12553-12568. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2025 Jun 5;16(1):5215. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2024 May 7;15(1):3834. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2022 Jul 25;13(1):4278. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Oct 6:e04817. [Abstract]
- Theranostics. 2026 Jan 1;16(7):3263-3285. [Abstract]
- Theranostics. 2022 Jun 6;12(10):4718-4733. [Abstract]
- Cardiovasc Res. 2018 Feb 1;114(2):300-311. [Abstract]
- Sci Adv. 2026 Mar 6;12(10):eaea7017. [Abstract]
- Cell Discov. 2025 May 13;11(1):46. [Abstract]
- Cell Rep Med. 2023 Jun 20;4(6):101061. [Abstract]
- Mater Today Bio. 2025 Oct 2:35:102364. [Abstract]
- Cell Death Dis. 2020 Aug 18;11(8):644. [Abstract]
- Cell Commun Signal. 2024 Jul 25;22(1):375. [Abstract]
- Basic Res Cardiol. 2025 Mar 23. [Abstract]
- Br J Pharmacol. 2020 Aug;177(15):3389-3402. [Abstract]
- Redox Rep. 2025 Dec;30(1):2494314. [Abstract]
- Food Science and Human Wellness. 2023 Nov;12(6);2061-2072.
- Cell Rep. 2019 Dec 3;29(10):2936-2943.e4. [Abstract]
- Anal Chem. 2026 Jun 16;98(23):16962-16970. [Abstract]
- Anal Chem. 2025 Jul 15;97(27):14220-14229. [Abstract]
- Transl Psychiatry. 2025 May 17;15(1):172. [Abstract]
- ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2026 Feb 19. [Abstract]
- J Ethnopharmacol. 2025 Jan 30;337(Pt 2):118860. [Abstract]
- J Am Heart Assoc. 2019 Jan 8;8(1):e009871. [Abstract]
- Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Mar 2;26(5):2243. [Abstract]
- J Nutr Biochem. 2018 Aug:58:110-118. [Abstract]
- Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2025 Jun 2;66(6):13. [Abstract]
- Eur J Pharmacol. 2022 Jul 15:927:175022. [Abstract]
- J Physiol. 2025 Oct 9. [Abstract]
- J Mol Med (Berl). 2026 Mar 19;104(1):53. [Abstract]
- FASEB J. 2020 Nov;34(11):14892-14904. [Abstract]
- iScience. 2026 Feb 23;29(3):115122. [Abstract]
- iScience. 2026 Feb 28;29(4):115189. [Abstract]
- Neurochem Int. 2021 Feb:143:104942. [Abstract]
- J Biol Chem. 2024 Oct 23:107924. [Abstract]
- Sci Rep. 2022 Jun 15;12(1):9936. [Abstract]
- Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2024 Nov 16:112417. [Abstract]
- Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2024 Nov 1;327(5):F885-F898. [Abstract]
- J Cancer. 2024 Sep 9;15(17):5691-5709. [Abstract]
- J Therm Biol. 2024 Jul 2:123:103906. [Abstract]
- Neuroscience. 2019 Mar 1:401:59-72. [Abstract]
- J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2018 Aug 15:1092:220-227. [Abstract]
- Cell Biochem Funct. 2024 Jan;42(1):e3915. [Abstract]
- Fitoterapia. 2026 Apr:190:107182. [Abstract]
- Gene. 2023 Dec 20:888:147753. [Abstract]
- Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2023 May 21:657:108-118. [Abstract]
- Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2024 Dec 27:1-15. [Abstract]
- Turk J Med Sci. 2025 Feb 19;55(2):509-517. [Abstract]
- bioRxiv. 2025 Oct 2.
- bioRxiv. 2024 November 03.
- bioRxiv. 2024 July 31.
- bioRxiv. 2023 Oct 13.
- SSRN. 2023 May 8.
- Leiden University. 2022.
- Research Square Preprint. 2021 Aug.
Customer Validation & Images
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WB
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Cell Imaging/Staining
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RT-PCR
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Cell Imaging/Staining
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RT-PCR
All Adrenergic Receptor Isoforms
MoreAll Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms
More
Biological Activity
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α1-adrenergic receptor |
α2-adrenergic receptor |
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor |
Microbial Metabolite |
Human Endogenous Metabolite |
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Cell Line
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Type | Value | Description | References |
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| HEK293 | EC50 |
6.3 μM
Compound: NE
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Inhibition of the Norepinephrine transporter (NET, SLC6A2) as assessed by GPCR-mediated changes in cell morphology using the impedance-based transporter activity through receptor activation (TRACT) assay in HEK-293 JumpIN-SLC6A2 cells
Inhibition of the Norepinephrine transporter (NET, SLC6A2) as assessed by GPCR-mediated changes in cell morphology using the impedance-based transporter activity through receptor activation (TRACT) assay in HEK-293 JumpIN-SLC6A2 cells
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[PMID: 34112854] |
| HEK293 | EC50 |
6.3 μM
Compound: NE
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Inhibition of the Norepinephrine transporter (NET, SLC6A2) as assessed by GPCR-mediated changes in cell morphology using the impedance-based transporter activity through receptor activation (TRACT) assay in HEK-293 JumpIN-SLC6A2 cells (PubChem AID: 174586
Inhibition of the Norepinephrine transporter (NET, SLC6A2) as assessed by GPCR-mediated changes in cell morphology using the impedance-based transporter activity through receptor activation (TRACT) assay in HEK-293 JumpIN-SLC6A2 cells (PubChem AID: 174586
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[PMID: 34112854] |
Norepinephrine (Levarterenol; L-Noradrenaline) bitartrate monohydrate is generally considered to be a β1-subtype selective adrenergic agonist over β2-adrenoceptor. Norepinephrine(NE) bitartrate monohydrate also has direct activity at the β2-adrenoceptor in higher concentrations[2]. Adipocytes from the inguinal fat pad (iWA) or the interscapular fat pad (BA) are isolated from neonatal wild-type C57BL/6J mice and cultured. To examine the effect of activating AT2 upon β-adrenergic signaling, cAMP production is first assessed in response to Norepinephrine (NE, 10 μM) with or without CGP (10 nM) co-treatment.Norepinephrine (NE) increases cAMP as expected in iWA, and CGP does not alter this effectNorepinephrine (NE) is also known to induce lipolysis, and liberated fatty acids are required to functionally activate UCP1 protein and to stimulate heat production. CREB phosphorylation at Ser133 is increased after Norepinephrine (NE) treatment and significantly attenuated with CGP co-treatment in mouse iWA[3].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Please do not refer to only one article to determine the experimental conditions. It is recommended to determine the optimal experimental conditions (animal strain, age, dosage, frequency and cycle, detection time and indicators, etc.) through preliminary experiments before the formal experiment.
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 108341-18-0
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 337.28
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Formula C12H19NO10
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Color White to off-white
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SMILES
OC1=CC=C([C@@H](O)CN)C=C1O.O=C(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O.O
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Synonyms
Levarterenol bitartrate monohydrate; L-Noradrenaline bitartrate monohydrate
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Structure Classification
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Initial Source
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
4°C, protect from light, stored under nitrogen
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light, stored under nitrogen)
Publications (62)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Nature
2025 Jul;643(8070):192-200. PMID: 39695227 -
Cell
Sympathetic-epithelial crosstalk governs tissue-resident memory T cell immunosurveillance in the skin. [Abstract]2026 Mar 5;189(5):1323-1340.e25. PMID: 41616781
Norepinephrine bitartrate monohydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell. 2026 Mar 5;189(5):1323-1340.e25. [Abstract]
Norepinephrine bitartrate monohydrate (NE) (0.5 mM; 12 h) decreased CXCL16 level in mouse and human cultured keratinocytes.
Norepinephrine bitartrate monohydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell. 2026 Mar 5;189(5):1323-1340.e25. [Abstract]
Norepinephrine bitartrate monohydrate (NE) (2 mM; 100 μL; i.d.) caused a pronounced decrease in keratinocyte CXCL16 expression in C57BL/6J mice.
Norepinephrine bitartrate monohydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell. 2026 Mar 5;189(5):1323-1340.e25. [Abstract]
Norepinephrine bitartrate monohydrate (NE) (0.5 mM; 12 h) decreased Cxcl16 and Tgfb3 expression in cultured mouse keratinocytes.
Norepinephrine bitartrate monohydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell. 2026 Mar 5;189(5):1323-1340.e25. [Abstract]
Norepinephrine bitartrate monohydrate (NE) (2 mM; 100 μL; i.d.) led to a significant reduction of skin CD8+ TRM cells in C57BL/6J mice.
Norepinephrine bitartrate monohydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell. 2026 Mar 5;189(5):1323-1340.e25. [Abstract]
Norepinephrine bitartrate monohydrate (NE) (0.5 mM; 12 h) decreased Cxcl16 and Tgfb3 expression in cultured human keratinocytes.
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Cell
2025 Sep 18;188(19):5142-5156.e23. PMID: 40555230 -
Immunity
2026 Mar 10;59(3):598-617.e11. PMID: 41722568 -
Cell Stem Cell
Vagal pathway activation links chronic stress to decline in intestinal stem cell function. [Abstract]2025 Mar 20:S1934-5909(25)00084-0. PMID: 40120585 -
Cell Mol Immunol
β-adrenoreceptor-triggered PKA activation negatively regulates the innate antiviral response. [Abstract]2023 Feb;20(2):175-188. PMID: 36600052
Norepinephrine bitartrate monohydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Mol Immunol. 2023 Feb;20(2):175-188. [Abstract]
Effects of epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE) on virus-induced transcription of antiviral genes. THP1 cells (1 × 106) were treated with EPI or NE (10 μM) and then uninfected or infected with SeV or HSV-1 (MOI = 1), and at the indicated times, qPCR analysis was performed to determine the levels of the indicated mRNAs.
Norepinephrine bitartrate monohydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Mol Immunol. 2023 Feb;20(2):175-188. [Abstract]
Effects of EPI/NE/isoprenaline (ISO) on virus-induced transcription of antiviral genes. THP1 cells (1 × 106) were treated with EPI, NE or ISO (10 μM) and uninfected or infected with EMCV (MOI = 1). Ten hours later, qPCR analysis was performed to determine the levels of the indicated mRNAs.
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ACS Nano
Nanoparticle-Driven Controllable Mitochondrial Regulation through Lysosome-Mitochondria Interactome. [Abstract]2022 Aug 23;16(8):12553-12568. PMID: 35876466 -
Nat Commun
A gatekeeper sympathetic control of lacrimal tear secretion and dry eye onset through the NA-Adra1a-Ucp2 pathway. [Abstract]2025 Jun 5;16(1):5215. PMID: 40473608 -
Nat Commun
Sleep fragmentation exacerbates myocardial ischemia‒reperfusion injury by promoting copper overload in cardiomyocytes. [Abstract]2024 May 7;15(1):3834. PMID: 38714741
Norepinephrine bitartrate monohydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2024 May 7;15(1):3834. [Abstract]
Representative images of DLAT oligomer immunofluorescence imaging by confocal microscopy. Scale bar = 20 μm. HL-1 cells were treated with 10 µM CuCl2 in the presence of solvent (DMSO), 1 µM NE or 10 µM NE for 24 h.
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Nat Commun
The RalGAPα1-RalA signal module protects cardiac function through regulating calcium homeostasis. [Abstract]2022 Jul 25;13(1):4278. PMID: 35879328 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
Norepinephrine Induces Sertoli Cell Ferroptosis via Receptors Desensitization Causing Stress-Related Male Reproductive Dysfunction. [Abstract]2025 Oct 6:e04817. PMID: 41051274
Norepinephrine bitartrate monohydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Oct 6:e04817. [Abstract]
Atenolol (ATN, 1 µM, 72 h) rescued the Norepinephrine (NE, 10 µM)-induced decrease in TM4 cell viability.
Norepinephrine bitartrate monohydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Oct 6:e04817. [Abstract]
Atenolol (ATN, 1 µM, 48 h) restored the Norepinephrine (NE, 10 µM)-induced increase in intracellular ferrous ion concentration in TM4 cells.
Norepinephrine bitartrate monohydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Oct 6:e04817. [Abstract]
Atenolol (ATN, 1 µM, 48 h) restored the Norepinephrine (NE, 10 µM)-induced decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential in TM4 cells.
Norepinephrine bitartrate monohydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Oct 6:e04817. [Abstract]
Atenolol (ATN, 1 µM, 48 h) reversed Norepinephrine (NE,10 μM）-induced alterations in the expression of SLC7A11, GPX4, and ACSL4 in TM4 cells.
Norepinephrine bitartrate monohydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Oct 6:e04817. [Abstract]
Atenolol (ATN, 1 µM, 48 h) reversed Norepinephrine (NE,10 μM）-induced alterations in the expression of SLC7A11, GPX4, and ACSL4 in TM4 cells.
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Theranostics
Hilnc- mediated UCP1 translation repression contributes to thermogenesis and energy expenditure. [Abstract]2026 Jan 1;16(7):3263-3285. PMID: 41608567 -
Theranostics
Norepinephrine acting on adventitial fibroblasts stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation via promoting small extracellular vesicle release. [Abstract]2022 Jun 6;12(10):4718-4733. PMID: 35832088 -
Cardiovasc Res
2018 Feb 1;114(2):300-311. PMID: 29155983
Norepinephrine bitartrate monohydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cardiovasc Res. 2018 Feb 1;114(2):300-311. [Abstract]
Knockdown of GATA4 ameliorated morphology and functional changes in a Meox1 cell line with NE stimulation. Immunodetection of actin in HL-1 cells. Actin staining appeared green, and sections are counterstained blue with DAPI (40,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole).
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Sci Adv
Sympathetic nerve aggravates autoimmune skin disease via NE-adrenergic receptor axis: Neuroimmune cross-talk insights from vitiligo. [Abstract]2026 Mar 6;12(10):eaea7017. PMID: 41779853 -
Cell Discov
Psychological stress-induced systemic corticosterone directly sabotages intestinal stem cells and exacerbates colitis. [Abstract]2025 May 13;11(1):46. PMID: 40360481 -
Cell Rep Med
2023 Jun 20;4(6):101061. PMID: 37267943 -
Mater Today Bio
2025 Oct 2:35:102364. PMID: 41127547 -
Cell Death Dis
Melatonin suppresses chronic restraint stress-mediated metastasis of epithelial ovarian cancer via NE/AKT/β-catenin/SLUG axis. [Abstract]2020 Aug 18;11(8):644. PMID: 32811805 -
Cell Commun Signal
Olanzapine suppresses mPFC activity-norepinephrine releasing to alleviate CLOCK-enhanced cancer stemness under chronic stress. [Abstract]2024 Jul 25;22(1):375. PMID: 39054537 -
Basic Res Cardiol
Exendin-4 improves cerebral ischemia by relaxing microvessels, rapidly increasing cerebral blood flow after reperfusion. [Abstract]2025 Mar 23. PMID: 40121575 -
Br J Pharmacol
Exendin-4, a GLP-1 receptor agonist regulates retinal capillary tone and restores microvascular patency after ischaemia-reperfusion injury. [Abstract]2020 Aug;177(15):3389-3402. PMID: 32232832 -
Redox Rep
Norepinephrine promotes oxidative stress in vascular adventitial fibroblasts via PKC/NFκB-mediated NOX2 upregulation. [Abstract]2025 Dec;30(1):2494314. PMID: 40269356 -
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Cell Rep
Molecular Mechanism for Ligand Recognition and Subtype Selectivity of α2C Adrenergic Receptor. [Abstract]2019 Dec 3;29(10):2936-2943.e4. PMID: 31801061 -
Anal Chem
High-Throughput Reactive Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Targeted Derivatization and Analysis of Poorly Ionized Small Molecules. [Abstract]2026 Jun 16;98(23):16962-16970. PMID: 42223360 -
Anal Chem
2025 Jul 15;97(27):14220-14229. PMID: 40601392 -
Transl Psychiatry
Stellate ganglion block diminishes consolidation of conditioned fear memory in mice by inhibiting the locus coeruleus to the basolateral amygdala neural circuit. [Abstract]2025 May 17;15(1):172. PMID: 40382311 -
ACS Biomater Sci Eng
Catecholamine-Derived Surface Chemistry Regulates Cell-Type-Specific Adhesion and Migration in Uterine Cells. [Abstract]2026 Feb 19. PMID: 41715268 -
J Ethnopharmacol
Mechanistic insights into Suanzaoren Decoction's improvement of cardiac contractile function in anxiety-induced cardiac insufficiency. [Abstract]2025 Jan 30;337(Pt 2):118860. PMID: 39341264 -
J Am Heart Assoc
New Molecular Mechanism Underlying Myc-Mediated Cytochrome P450 2E1 Upregulation in Apoptosis and Energy Metabolism in the Myocardium. [Abstract]2019 Jan 8;8(1):e009871. PMID: 30563421 -
Int J Mol Sci
Identifying Exifone as a Dual-Target Agent Targeting Both SARS-CoV-2 3CL Protease and the ACE2/S-RBD Interaction Among Clinical Polyphenolic Compounds. [Abstract]2025 Mar 2;26(5):2243. PMID: 40076865 -
J Nutr Biochem
Genistein rescues hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension through estrogen receptor and β-adrenoceptor signaling. [Abstract]2018 Aug:58:110-118. PMID: 29886191
Norepinephrine bitartrate monohydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Nutr Biochem. 2018 Aug:58:110-118. [Abstract]
PASMCs are pretreated with or not Norepinephrine (50 μM) or ICI 118,551 (5 nM), and α-SMA (D) are analyzed.
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Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci
Activation of Sympathetic Nervous System Drives Dry Eye Onset Via Norepinephrine-β2-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling in Mice. [Abstract]2025 Jun 2;66(6):13. PMID: 40465266 -
Eur J Pharmacol
Phillyrin attenuates norepinephrine-induced cardiac hypertrophy and inflammatory response by suppressing p38/ERK1/2 MAPK and AKT/NF-kappaB pathways. [Abstract]2022 Jul 15:927:175022. PMID: 35569549 -
J Physiol
2025 Oct 9. PMID: 41066225 -
J Mol Med (Berl)
Tyrosine hydroxylase as a therapeutic target: insights from adrenergic nerve and TNBC cell interactions. [Abstract]2026 Mar 19;104(1):53. PMID: 41857421 -
FASEB J
Inhibition of α1-adrenoceptor reduces TGF-β1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and attenuates UUO-induced renal fibrosis in mice. [Abstract]2020 Nov;34(11):14892-14904. PMID: 32939891 -
iScience
2026 Feb 23;29(3):115122. PMID: 41852725 -
iScience
Long-term vagus nerve stimulation synergized with rapamycin elicits neuroimmune modulation to prolong skin allograft survival. [Abstract]2026 Feb 28;29(4):115189. PMID: 41858626 -
Neurochem Int
Astroglial adrenoreceptors modulate synaptic transmission and contextual fear memory formation in dentate gyrus. [Abstract]2021 Feb:143:104942. PMID: 33340594 -
J Biol Chem
STIM1 functions as a proton sensor to coordinate cytosolic pH with store-operated calcium entry. [Abstract]2024 Oct 23:107924. PMID: 39454952 -
Sci Rep
Glutamine and norepinephrine in follicular fluid synergistically enhance the antioxidant capacity of human granulosa cells and the outcome of IVF-ET. [Abstract]2022 Jun 15;12(1):9936. PMID: 35705692 -
Mol Cell Endocrinol
Macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome mediates the effects of sympathetic nerve on cardiac remodeling in obese rats. [Abstract]2024 Nov 16:112417. PMID: 39557185 -
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol
Anatomic and functional evidence for renal autonomic innervation in normotensive and hypertensive rats. [Abstract]2024 Nov 1;327(5):F885-F898. PMID: 39298550 -
J Cancer
Pan-cancer analysis of the role of α2C-adrenergic receptor (ADRA2C) in human tumors and validation in glioblastoma multiforme models. [Abstract]2024 Sep 9;15(17):5691-5709. PMID: 39308687 -
J Therm Biol
Differential expression of ADRB1 causes different responses to norepinephrine in adipocytes of Duroc-Landrace-Yorkshire pigs and min pigs. [Abstract]2024 Jul 2:123:103906. PMID: 38970835 -
Neuroscience
Natural Killer Cells may Exert Antidepressant-like Effects in Mice by Controlling the Release of Inflammatory Factors. [Abstract]2019 Mar 1:401:59-72. PMID: 30641114 -
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci
Searching for synergistic calcium antagonists and novel therapeutic regimens for coronary heart disease therapy from a Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suxiao Jiuxin Pill. [Abstract]2018 Aug 15:1092:220-227. PMID: 29908471 -
Cell Biochem Funct
2024 Jan;42(1):e3915. PMID: 38269513 -
Fitoterapia
The stem-derived bioactive fraction of Syringa oblata Lindl. Ameliorates insomnia via cAMP signaling-mediated regulation of neurotransmission, oxidative stress, and inflammation: A multi-omics study. [Abstract]2026 Apr:190:107182. PMID: 41861857 -
Gene
Transcriptome Analysis of Norepinephrine-induced Lipolysis in Differentiated Adipocytes of Bama Pig. [Abstract]2023 Dec 20:888:147753. PMID: 37659599 -
Biochem Biophys Res Commun
Estrogen ameliorates sepsis-induced vascular hyporeactivity in thoracic aorta of female rats via permissive effect of GRα expression. [Abstract]2023 May 21:657:108-118. PMID: 37002984 -
Ocul Immunol Inflamm
Norepinephrine Attenuates Benzalkonium Chloride-Induced Dry Eye Disease by Regulating the PINK1/Parkin Mitophagy Pathway. [Abstract]2024 Dec 27:1-15. PMID: 39731302 -
Turk J Med Sci
2025 Feb 19;55(2):509-517. PMID: 40342326 -
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Solvent & Solubility
H2O : 50 mg/mL (148.24 mM; Need ultrasonic)
DMSO : ≥ 30 mg/mL (88.95 mM; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
* "≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light, stored under nitrogen). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light, stored under nitrogen). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (6.17 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (6.17 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:
It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: PBS
Solubility: 150 mg/mL (444.73 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
Protocol
Subcutaneous preadipocytes derived from a 38-year old non-diabetic female donor are immortalized with TERT and HPV E6/E7. For the current studies, a stable diploid clone (referred to as clone B) with consistent differentiation capacity is isolated by ring cloning. Cells are grown in preadipocyte PGM2 media. Once cells are confluent, differentiation is induced by incubation in differentiation media consisting of dexamethasone, IBMX, indomethacin, and additional insulin. Cells are differentiated for 10 days. Prior to treatment, media is replaced with PGM2 media for one day and then switched to serum-free media overnight for treatments. Adipocytes are treated for 6 hours with vehicle, Norepinephrine (NE, 10 μM), CGP (10 nM), or Norepinephrine (NE) and CGP[3].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (287 KB)
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SDS (480 KB)
- English - EN (480 KB)
- Français - FR (480 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (480 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Brian P Ramos, et al. Adrenergic pharmacology and cognition: focus on the prefrontal cortex. Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Mar;113(3):523-36. [Content Brief]
[2]. MacGregor DA, et al. Relative efficacy and potency of beta-adrenoceptor agonists for generating cAMP in human lymphocytes. Chest. 1996 Jan;109(1):194-200. [Content Brief]
[3]. Littlejohn NK, et al. Suppression of Resting Metabolism by the Angiotensin AT2 Receptor. Cell Rep. 2016 Aug 9;16(6):1548-60. [Content Brief]
[4]. Xinyu Xu, et al. Binding pathway determines norepinephrine selectivity for the human β 1 AR over β 2 AR. Cell Res. 2021 May;31(5):569-579. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light, stored under nitrogen). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO / H2O | 1 mM | 2.9649 mL | 14.8245 mL | 29.6490 mL | 74.1224 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.5930 mL | 2.9649 mL | 5.9298 mL | 14.8245 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2965 mL | 1.4824 mL | 2.9649 mL | 7.4122 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.1977 mL | 0.9883 mL | 1.9766 mL | 4.9415 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.1482 mL | 0.7412 mL | 1.4824 mL | 3.7061 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.1186 mL | 0.5930 mL | 1.1860 mL | 2.9649 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.0988 mL | 0.4941 mL | 0.9883 mL | 2.4707 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.0741 mL | 0.3706 mL | 0.7412 mL | 1.8531 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0593 mL | 0.2965 mL | 0.5930 mL | 1.4824 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0494 mL | 0.2471 mL | 0.4941 mL | 1.2354 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0371 mL | 0.1853 mL | 0.3706 mL | 0.9265 mL | |
| H2O | 100 mM | 0.0296 mL | 0.1482 mL | 0.2965 mL | 0.7412 mL |
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
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