Clostridium Difficile Infection

Metronidazole is an orally active nitroimidazole antibiotic. Metronidazole can cross blood brain barrier. Metronidazole can be used for the research of anaerobic infections.

Vancomycin is an antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial infections.

Omeprazole (H 16868) is an orally active H⁺,K⁺-ATPase inhibitor and a proton pump inhibitor. Omeprazole competitively inhibits CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9 activity. Omeprazole inhibits gastric acid secretion and can be used for acid-related gastrointestinal disorders. Omeprazole inhibits pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, induces apoptosis, autophagosome accumulation (elevated LC3-I and LC3-II levels), oxidative stress, and cytogenetic imbalance, modulates lysosomal transport, reduces inflammatory cytokines. Omeprazole alters small intestinal morphology and magnesium absorption, and induces gastric mucosa morphologic changes. Omeprazole aslo has neuroprotective and antibacterial effects.

Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) monohydrochloride is an orally active, blood-brain barrier permeable fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent. Ciprofloxacin monohydrochloride exerts bactericidal effects primarily by inhibiting topoisomerase II and IV. Ciprofloxacin monohydrochloride inhibits the proliferation of human dental pulp stem cells and chondrocytes from young rats, and also activates the Akt signaling pathway and upregulates markers such as β-catenin and Nanog to maintain the morphological characteristics of stem cells. Ciprofloxacin monohydrochloride induces significant neurotoxicity and tissue damage, including reducing serotonin and glutathione levels in the brain, inducing oxidative stress and depression-like behaviors, and causing articular cartilage damage. Ciprofloxacin monohydrochloride can be applied to research related to infections of necrotic young permanent teeth and neurotoxicity.

Fidaxomicin (OPT-80), a macrocyclic antibiotic, is an orally active and potent RNA polymerase inhibitor. Fidaxomicin has a narrow spectrum of antibacterial activity and a good anti-Clostridium difficile activity (MIC₉₀=0.12 μg/mL). Fidaxomicin can be used for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) research.

Ombetoxabart is a humanized IgG1-κ monoclonal antibody targeting TcdB (Clostridioides difficile toxin B), which exerts its function by neutralizing the toxicity of TcdB. Ombetoxabart can be used for the study of Clostridioides difficile infection.

Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) hydrochloride monohydrate is an orally active, blood-brain barrier permeable fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent. Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate exerts bactericidal effects primarily by inhibiting topoisomerase II and IV. Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate inhibits the proliferation of human dental pulp stem cells and chondrocytes from young rats, and also activates the Akt signaling pathway and upregulates markers such as β-catenin and Nanog to maintain the morphological characteristics of stem cells. Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate induces significant neurotoxicity and tissue damage, including reducing serotonin and glutathione levels in the brain, inducing oxidative stress and depression-like behaviors, and causing articular cartilage damage. Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate can be applied to research related to infections of necrotic young permanent teeth and neurotoxicity.

Omeprazole (H 16868) sodium is an orally active H⁺,K⁺-ATPase inhibitor and a proton pump inhibitor. Omeprazole sodium competitively inhibits CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9 activity. Omeprazole sodium inhibits gastric acid secretion and can be used for acid-related gastrointestinal disorders. Omeprazole sodium inhibits pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, induces apoptosis, autophagosome accumulation (elevated LC3-I and LC3-II levels), oxidative stress, and cytogenetic imbalance, modulates lysosomal transport, reduces inflammatory cytokines. Omeprazole sodium alters small intestinal morphology and magnesium absorption, and induces gastric mucosa morphologic changes. Omeprazole sodium aslo has neuroprotective and antibacterial effects.

Chlorhexidine is a orally active cationic antimicrobial agent that targets microbial cell membranes. Chlorhexidine binds to cell membrane phospholipids non-specifically, destroys membrane structure and induces leakage of cell contents. Chlorhexidine has broad-spectrum bactericidal activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Chlorhexidine can interfere with membrane permeability, cause protein precipitation and energy metabolism disorders, such as rapid inhibition of microbial growth and induction of cell death (necrosis or apoptosis).

Gluconate sodium (D-Gluconic acid sodium salt) is an orally active glucose derivative. Gluconate sodium reduces nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6). Gluconate sodium inhibits ERK phosphorylation. Gluconate sodium has antioxidant and antiplatelet activation activities. Gluconate sodium has antitumor activity against colorectal cancer. Gluconate sodium improves osteoarthritis, intestinal damage and acute lung injury.

Gluconate (D-Gluconic acid) Calcium is an orally active glucose derivative. Gluconate Calcium reduces nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6). Gluconate Calcium inhibits ERK phosphorylation. Gluconate Calcium has antioxidant and antiplatelet activation activities. Gluconate Calcium has antitumor activity against colorectal cancer. Gluconate Calcium improves osteoarthritis, intestinal damage and acute lung injury.

Chlorhexidine digluconate (20% in water) is a orally active cationic antimicrobial agent that targets microbial cell membranes. Chlorhexidine digluconate (20% in water) binds to cell membrane phospholipids non-specifically, destroys membrane structure and induces leakage of cell contents. Chlorhexidine digluconate (20% in water) has broad-spectrum bactericidal activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Chlorhexidine digluconate (20% in water) can interfere with membrane permeability, cause protein precipitation and energy metabolism disorders, such as rapid inhibition of microbial growth and induction of cell death (necrosis or apoptosis).

Bezlotoxumab (BLA761046; MBL-CDB1; MDX-1388) is a fully humanized IgG1/kappa monoclonal antibody directed against Clostridium difficile toxin B. Bezlotoxumab mediates the early reconstitution of gut microbiota to reduce the risk of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Bezlotoxumab can be used for the study of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection prevention.

Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride is a orally active cationic antimicrobial agent that targets microbial cell membranes. Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride binds to cell membrane phospholipids non-specifically, destroys membrane structure and induces leakage of cell contents. Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride has broad-spectrum bactericidal activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride can interfere with membrane permeability, cause protein precipitation and energy metabolism disorders, such as rapid inhibition of microbial growth and induction of cell death (necrosis or apoptosis).

Lactitol (D-Lactitol) is a non-absorbable disaccharide and Bacterial regulator. Lactitol reduces the populations of Bacteroides, Clostridium, coliforms and Eubacterium, while increasing the populations of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus. Lactitol can be used in the research of portosystemic encephalopathy and chronic constipation.

Rifalazil (KRM-1648; ABI-1648), a rifamycin derivative, inhibits the bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and kills bacterial cells by blocking off the β-subunit in RNA polymerase. Rifalazil (KRM-1648; ABI-1648) is an antibiotic, exhibits high potency against mycobacteria, gram-positive bacteria, Helicobacter pylori, C. pneumoniae and C. trachomatis with MIC values from 0.00025 to 0.0025 μg/ml. Rifalazil (KRM-1648; ABI-1648) has the potential for the treatment of Chlamydia infection, Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD), and tuberculosis (TB).

Actoxumab (Anti-C. difficile Toxin A Recombinant Antibody) is a antitoxin antibody against C. difficile toxin A by neutralizing TcdA. Actoxumab prevents both the damage to the gut wall and the inflammatory response, which are associated with C. difficile. Actoxumab has synergy effect with Bezlotoxumab (HY-P9929) targeting TcdB.

Anti-Mouse GM-CSF Antibody (MP1-22E9) is a rat-derived anti-mouse GM-CSF IgG2a antibody inhibitor. Anti-Mouse GM-CSF Antibody (MP1-22E9) can neutralize GM-CSF. Anti-Mouse GM-CSF Antibody (MP1-22E9) can be used for the researches of cancer, infection inflammation and immunology, such as cholangiocarcinoma and arthritis.

Loperamide (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Loperamide (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Loperamide (hydrochloride) (R-18553 (hydrochloride)) is an opioid receptor agonist. Loperamide hydrochloride is a selective and competitive human intestinal carboxylesterases (hiCE) inhibitor. Loperamide hydrochloride has anti-diarrheal effect.

Chlorhexidine diacetate is a orally active cationic antimicrobial agent that targets microbial cell membranes. Chlorhexidine diacetate binds to cell membrane phospholipids non-specifically, destroys membrane structure and induces leakage of cell contents. Chlorhexidine diacetate has broad-spectrum bactericidal activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Chlorhexidine diacetate can interfere with membrane permeability, cause protein precipitation and energy metabolism disorders, such as rapid inhibition of microbial growth and induction of cell death (necrosis or apoptosis).