Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride
Based on 13 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride is a orally active cationic antimicrobial agent that targets microbial cell membranes. Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride binds to cell membrane phospholipids non-specifically, destroys membrane structure and induces leakage of cell contents. Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride has broad-spectrum bactericidal activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride can interfere with membrane permeability, cause protein precipitation and energy metabolism disorders, such as rapid inhibition of microbial growth and induction of cell death (necrosis or apoptosis).
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity: 99.83%
- CAS No.: 3697-42-5
- Formula: C22H32Cl4N10
- Molecular Weight:578.37
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Storage:
4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride
More- Nat Commun. 2021 Mar 29;12(1):1940. [Abstract]
- Cell Death Dis. 2022 Apr 22;13(4):396. [Abstract]
- Antioxidants (Basel). 2024 May 29;13(6):667. [Abstract]
- Dent Mater. 2025 Apr 17:S0109-5641(25)00607-4. [Abstract]
- Cell Oncol (Dordr). 2025 Jun;48(3):637-654. [Abstract]
- Mol Oncol. 2020 Feb;14(2):373-386. [Abstract]
- Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 Mar 30:9:633259. [Abstract]
- Transl Oncol. 2024 Jul:45:101958. [Abstract]
- J Funct Foods. 2024 Jun.
- Cell Signal. 2021 Jul:83:110002. [Abstract]
- Genes (Basel). 2021 Apr 7;12(4):537. [Abstract]
- Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2025 Dec 17:796:153158. [Abstract]
- bioRxiv. 2024 Nov 06.
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Biological Activity
1. Cell death assay:
Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride (0.000125%-0.016%; 24 h) induces cell death in L929 fibroblasts, inducing a pattern of cell necrosis and/or apoptosis, as well as cell stress. Furthermore, Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride induces apoptosis at lower concentrations and necrosis at higher concentrations, and increases the expression of heat shock protein 70 (a marker of cell stress). Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride may have an adverse effect on the resolution of apical periodontitis[1].
2. Cell viability experiment:
Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride (0.0005%-0.5%; 30 min) causes the death of canine embryonic fibroblasts with concentration of ≥0.013%, while allows the cells to survive with concentration of ≤0.006%[2].
3. Bacterial survival experiment:
Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride (0.0005%-0.5%; 30 min) has a concentration-dependent bactericidal effect on Staphylococcus aureus, and kills Staphylococcus aureus with concentration of ≥0.05%, while allows the bacteria to survive with concentration of ≤0.03%[2].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Cell Line:S. aureus
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Concentration:100 μM, 200 μM
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Incubation Time:15min, 30 min, 15 min, 60 min, 120 min, 240 min
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Result:Showed a slow decrease during the first two hours and a sharp drop between 2 and 4 h of incubation at 200 μM.
Chlorhexidine (0.125%-1.0%; subcutaneous injection; single dose) dihydrochloride causes toxic effects in the plantar space of the hind paw of Balb/c mice. Concentrations ≥0.5% induces coagulative necrosis of the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissues and neutrophil-dominated inflammatory responses, while concentrations ≤0.25% induces moderate inflammation and interstitial edema[1].
2. Lung inhalation toxicity test:
Chlorhexidine (0.125%-1%; intratracheal instillation; single dose; 8-week observation) dihydrochloride causes collagen fiber deposition and inflammatory cell infiltration in lung tissue in the C57BL/6J mouse model, leading to restrictive ventilation dysfunction. Transcriptome analysis shows that genes related to extracellular matrix deposition and mucus secretion (such as Muc5b and Muc5ac) are upregulated[3].
3. Genetic toxicity test:
0.12% Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride (0.5 mL; oral, twice a day for 8 days) causes DNA damage in peripheral blood and oral mucosal cells of rats, without causing chromosome breakage or loss in erythrocytes[4].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Animal Model:Wistar rats[1]
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Dosage:0.5 ml of 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate
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Administration:Oral
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Result:Observed significant increase of DNA damage in leukocytes and oral mucosal cells.
| NCT Number | Sponsor | Condition | Start Date |
Phase
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT01329991 | Plexxikon| | 2011-05 | PHASE1 |
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 3697-42-5
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 578.37
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Formula C22H32Cl4N10
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Color White to off-white
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SMILES
N=C(NC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1)NC(NCCCCCCNC(NC(NC2=CC=C(Cl)C=C2)=N)=N)=N.[H]Cl.[H]Cl
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)
Publications (13)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Nat Commun
The folate cycle enzyme MTHFD2 induces cancer immune evasion through PD-L1 up-regulation. [Abstract]2021 Mar 29;12(1):1940. PMID: 33782411 -
Cell Death Dis
HJURP regulates cell proliferation and chemo-resistance via YAP1/NDRG1 transcriptional axis in triple-negative breast cancer. [Abstract]2022 Apr 22;13(4):396. PMID: 35459269 -
Antioxidants (Basel)
Pitavastatin Calcium Confers Fungicidal Properties to Fluconazole by Inhibiting Ubiquinone Biosynthesis and Generating Reactive Oxygen Species. [Abstract]2024 May 29;13(6):667. PMID: 38929106 -
Dent Mater
Triple-modified PEEK surface via plasma treatment, polydopamine coating and chlorhexidine: Assessment of biocompatibility and antibacterial properties. [Abstract]2025 Apr 17:S0109-5641(25)00607-4. PMID: 40251086 -
Cell Oncol (Dordr)
UBE2Q2 promotes tumor progression and glycolysis of hepatocellular carcinoma through NF-κB/HIF1α signal pathway. [Abstract]2025 Jun;48(3):637-654. PMID: 39833608 -
Mol Oncol
Loss of RDM1 enhances hepatocellular carcinoma progression via p53 and Ras/Raf/ERK pathways. [Abstract]2020 Feb;14(2):373-386. PMID: 31670863 -
Front Cell Dev Biol
2021 Mar 30:9:633259. PMID: 33859984 -
Transl Oncol
20-hydroxyecdysone suppresses bladder cancer progression via inhibiting USP21: A mechanism associated with deubiquitination and degradation of p65. [Abstract]2024 Jul:45:101958. PMID: 38663220 -
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Cell Signal
2021 Jul:83:110002. PMID: 33823241 -
Genes (Basel)
Autosomal Recessive Retinitis Pigmentosa Associated with Three Novel REEP6 Variants in Chinese Population. [Abstract]2021 Apr 7;12(4):537. PMID: 33917198 -
Biochem Biophys Res Commun
2025 Dec 17:796:153158. PMID: 41418346 -
Solvent & Solubility
DMSO : 14 mg/mL (24.21 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (3.60 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (3.60 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
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%DMSO +
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
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%+
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+%Tween-80 + +
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%Saline +
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO. Stock solution concentration: mg/mL. * In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)
1. Take μL DMSO stock solution;
2. Add μL .
μL , mix evenly;
3. Then add μL Tween 80, mix evenly;
4. Then add μL
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (275 KB)
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SDS (393 KB)
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- Portuguese - PT (393 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Faria G, et al. Evaluation of chlorhexidine toxicity injected in the paw of mice and added to cultured l929 fibroblasts. J Endod. 2007 Jun;33(6):715-22. [Content Brief]
[2]. Sanchez IR, et al. Chlorhexidine diacetate and povidone-iodine cytotoxicity to canine embryonic fibroblasts and Staphylococcus aureus. Vet Surg. 1988;17(4):182-185. [Content Brief]
[3]. Zhang J, et al. Pulmonary Toxicity Assessment after a Single Intratracheal Inhalation of Chlorhexidine Aerosol in Mice. Toxics. 2023 Nov 7;11(11):910. [Content Brief]
[4]. Ribeiro DA, et al. Chlorhexidine induces DNA damage in rat peripheral leukocytes and oral mucosal cells. J Periodontal Res. 2004 Oct;39(5):358-61. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO | 1 mM | 1.7290 mL | 8.6450 mL | 17.2900 mL | 43.2249 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.3458 mL | 1.7290 mL | 3.4580 mL | 8.6450 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1729 mL | 0.8645 mL | 1.7290 mL | 4.3225 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.1153 mL | 0.5763 mL | 1.1527 mL | 2.8817 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.0864 mL | 0.4322 mL | 0.8645 mL | 2.1612 mL |
Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride Related Classifications
HY-B1145 Related Classifications
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