β-lactam

β-lactam antibiotics act on bacterial cell-wall biogenesis by covalently binding penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), enzymes linked to peptidoglycan transpeptidation, growth, division, and cell-wall integrity^[1]. Mechanistically, β-lactams disrupt peptidoglycan cross-linking, and experimental work shows that they can induce lethal malfunctioning of the cell-wall synthesis and degradation cycle^[2]. In resistance models, bacteria reduce β-lactam activity through β-lactamases, altered PBPs, outer-membrane permeability changes, or alternative peptidoglycan cross-linking by L,D-transpeptidases^[1]^[3]. Compared with high-molecular-weight PBPs, which are essential transpeptidases, low-molecular-weight PBPs show less defined physiological roles but contribute to β-lactam resistance through mutation or altered abundance^[3]. Isoform-specific studies further show that PBP2a, PBP4, PBP5, PonA1, and PonA2 differ in affinity, structural behavior, and β-lactam inactivation capacity, making isoform selection critical for resistance-focused experiments^[4]^[5]^[6]. For experimental applications, β-lactamase inhibitors and potentiators support resistance-mechanism studies, while β-lactone probes and PbpP-based sensing models help analyze PBP binding, isoform selectivity, and β-lactam response pathways^[7]^[8]^[9].

References:

[1]. Georgopapadakou NH. Penicillin-binding proteins and bacterial resistance to beta-lactams. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993 Oct;37(10):2045-53. doi: 10.1128/AAC.37.10.2045. PMID: 8257121; PMCID: PMC192226. et al. Penicillin-binding proteins and bacterial resistance to beta-lactams. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993 Oct;37(10):2045-53. [Content Brief]

[2]. Cho H, et al. Beta-lactam antibiotics induce a lethal malfunctioning of the bacterial cell wall synthesis machinery. Cell. 2014 Dec 4;159(6):1300-11. [Content Brief]

[3]. Ealand CS, et al. β-lactam resistance: The role of low molecular weight penicillin binding proteins, β-lactamases and ld-transpeptidases in bacteria associated with respiratory tract infections. IUBMB Life. 2018 Sep;70(9):855-868. [Content Brief]

[4]. Ambade SS, et al. A Review on Five and Six-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds Targeting the Penicillin-Binding Protein 2 (PBP2A) of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Molecules. 2023 Oct 10;28(20):7008. [Content Brief]

[5]. Moon TM, et al. The structures of penicillin-binding protein 4 (PBP4) and PBP5 from Enterococci provide structural insights into β-lactam resistance. J Biol Chem. 2018 Nov 30;293(48):18574-18584. [Content Brief]

[6]. Kumar G, et al. Penicillin Binding Proteins and β-Lactamases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Reexamination of the Historical Paradigm. mSphere. 2022 Feb 23;7(1):e0003922. [Content Brief]

[7]. Narendrakumar L, et al. β-Lactam potentiators to re-sensitize resistant pathogens: Discovery, development, clinical use and the way forward. Front Microbiol. 2023 Mar 10;13:1092556. [Content Brief]

[8]. Flanders PL, et al. Combined Structural Analysis and Molecular Dynamics Reveal Penicillin-Binding Protein Inhibition Mode with β-Lactones. ACS Chem Biol. 2022 Nov 18;17(11):3110-3120. [Content Brief]

[9]. Nauta KM, et al. The Penicillin-Binding Protein PbpP Is a Sensor of β-Lactams and Is Required for Activation of the Extracytoplasmic Function σ Factor σ^P in Bacillus thuringiensis. mBio. 2021 Mar 23;12(2):e00179-21. [Content Brief]

β-lactam Related Products (204):

Cat. No.	Product Name	Effect	Purity

HY-B0522

Ampicillin		99.92%
Ampicillin is a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

HY-B0522A

Ampicillin sodium		98.0%
Ampicillin sodium (D-(-)-α-Aminobenzylpenicillin sodium salt) is a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

HY-13678

Meropenem		99.85%
Meropenem (SM 7338) is a carbapenem antibiotic with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Meropenem has activity against susceptible and resistant *N. gonorrhoeae* (MIC value of 0.02-0.06 mg/mL), *H. influenzae* (MIC value of 0.03-0.12 mg/mL), and *H. ducreyi* (MIC value of 0.015-0.12 mg/mL).

HY-B0525A

Carbenicillin disodium		98.12%
Carbenicillin disodium (Sodium carbenicillin) is a broad-spectrum semi-synthetic penicillin antibiotic for gram-negative bacteria. Carbenicillin disodium can interfere the cell wall synthesis while displaying low toxicity to plant tissue.

HY-B0593

Ceftazidime		99.86%
Ceftazidime (GR20263), an antibiotic, has a broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic bacteria. Ceftazidime is also active against Enterobacteriaceae (including β-lactamase-positive strains) and is resistant to hydrolysis by most β-lactamases.

HY-17628

Cefiderocol		99.60%
Cefiderocol (S-649266) is a siderophore cephalosporin which has a potent activity against a broad range of aerobic Gram-negative bacterial species with MIC₅₀s of 2 μg/mL or less.

HY-B1369A

Imipenem		99.89%
Imipenem (MK0787), a stable crystalline derivative of thienamycin, is an antibiotic and has the excellent activity against a broad range of gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Imipenem can be used for the research of carbapenem-nonsusceptible and P. aeruginosa biofilm infections.

HY-B1369

Imipenem monohydrate		99.90%
Imipenem monohydrate, a stable crystalline derivative of thienamycin, is an antibiotic and has the excellent activity against a broad range of gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Imipenem monohydrate can be used for the research of carbapenem-nonsusceptible and P. aeruginosa biofilm infections.

HY-A0256

Clavulanic acid		99.45%
Clavulanic acid is a naturally occurring powerful bacterial β-lactamases inhibitor for research of infections caused by bacteria, including infections of the ears. Clavulanic acid is active against a wide spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative bacterias.

HY-B0129

Aztreonam		99.50%
Aztreonam (SQ-26,776) is a synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic, which has a very high affinity for penicillin-binding protein 3 (PBP-3).

HY-108913

Nitrocefin		98.92%
Nitrocefin is a highly activated, chromogenic cephalosporin derivative. Nitrocefin is a chromogenic β-lactamase substrate. Nitrocefin undergoes a distinctive color change from yellow to red as the amide bond in the β-lactam ring is hydrolyzed by β-lactamase. Nitrocefin is used in competitive inhibition studies in developmental work on β-lactamase-resistant antibiotics.

HY-13625

Ertapenem sodium		98.94%
Ertapenem sodium (L-749345) is a broad spectrum and long acting β-lactam antibiotic. Ertapenem sodium has a broad-spectrum anti-anaerobic activity against a variety of anaerobes with a mode MIC of 0.12 μg/mL. Ertapenem sodium can be used for the research of severe infections caused by bacteria in the skin, lungs, stomach, pelvis, and urinary tract.

HY-B0425A

Novobiocin sodium		99.12%
Novobiocin (Albamycin) sodium is a potent and orally active antibiotic. Novobiocin sodium also is a DNA gyrase inhibitor and a heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) antagonist. Novobiocin sodium has the potential for the research of highly beta-lactam-resistant pneumococcal infections. Novobiocin sodium shows anti-orthopoxvirus activity.

HY-13678A

Meropenem trihydrate		99.85%
Meropenem trihydrate (SM 7338 trihydrate) is a carbapenem antibiotic with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Meropenem trihydrate has activity against susceptible and resistant *N. gonorrhoeae* (MIC value of 0.02-0.06 mg/mL), *H. influenzae* (MIC value of 0.03-0.12 mg/mL), and *H. ducreyi* (MIC value of 0.015-0.12 mg/mL).

HY-A0088A

Cefotaxime		98.74%
Cefotaxime, a β-lactamase stable cephalosporin and a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, possesses broad-spectrum antibiotic activity against numerous Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

HY-B0334

Sulbactam		99.97%
Sulbactam (CP45899) is a competitive, irreversible beta-lactamase inhibitor. Sulbactam shows antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) acinetobacter calcoaceticus--Acinetobacter baumannii (Acb) complex.

HY-B0692

Cefepime		99.86%
Cefepime (BMY-28142) is a broad-spectrum, blood-brain barrier-permeable cephalosporin antibiotic with hPON1 inhibitory activity, with an IC₅₀ of 21.115 mM and a K_i of 35.092 mM. Cefepime inhibits hPON1 via a non-competitive mechanism and blocks GABA_A receptors. Cefepime penetrates the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, inhibits the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and does not induce the production of β-lactamase.

HY-B0425

Novobiocin
Novobiocin (Albamycin) is a potent and orally active antibiotic. Novobiocin also is a DNA gyrase inhibitor and a heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) antagonist. Novobiocin has the potential for the research of highly beta-lactam-resistant pneumococcal infections. Novobiocin shows anti-orthopoxvirus activity.

HY-B0712B

Ceftriaxone sodium salt		99.90%
Ceftriaxone sodium salt (Ro 13-9904) is a broad spectrum β-lactam third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, which has good antibacterial activity against a variety of gram-negative and positive bacteria. Ceftriaxone sodium salt is a covalent inhibitor of GSK3β with IC₅₀ value of 0.78 μM. Ceftriaxone sodium salt is an inhibitor of Aurora B. Ceftriaxone sodium salt has anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antioxidant activities. Ceftriaxone sodium salt can be used in the study of bacterial infections and meningitis.

HY-17591

Penicillin G potassium		99.74%
Penicillin G potassium is a fast-acting penicillin family antibiotic. Penicillin G potassium can be used for the research of bacterial infections that affect the blood, heart, lungs, joints, and genital areas.

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