Cerebral organoid culture is a cutting-edge in vitro modeling technique that utilizes human pluripotent stem cells-including both embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells—to simulate the microenvironment and differentiation programs of human embryonic brain development within a three-dimensional in vitro culture system. Through directed differentiation, it generates structures characteristic of specific brain regions and comprises various functional neuronal cell types. This technology serves as a sophisticated model capable of recapitulating the processes of human brain development and the pathological features of neurological diseases, thereby finding application in mechanistic research, drug screening, and precision medicine.