Tumor Microenvironment

The Cancer-Immunity Cycle: From Mechanism to Molecular Regulation

The cancer-immunity cycle offers a framework illustrating the cascade of anti-cancer immune responses.

Intracellular Calcium Signaling: From Second Messenger to Targeted Therapy

Calcium is an essential element for cellular life activities.

The Tumor Microenvironment: A Pro-Tumor Niche and Therapeutic Target in Cancer

Cancer is not a single mass of cancer cells, but a complex ecosystem, the tumor microenvironment (TME).

Macrophage Phenotypic Regulation Mechanisms In Diseases

Macrophages acquire disease-relevant phenotypes through origin, tissue location, and dynamic environmental signaling.

GlycoRNAs Regulate Inflammation And Cancer Development

GlycoRNAs are an emerging class of small noncoding RNAs covalently modified with glycans and displayed at the cell surface.

Bone Marrow Inflammation Heterogeneity Regulates The Progression Of Hematologic Malignancies

Bone marrow inflammation is spatially and functionally heterogeneous, and that heterogeneity can shape the initiation, expansion, treatment resistance, and relapse of hematologic malignancies.

Nanomedicine Targeting Refractory Inflammatory Diseases

Refractory inflammatory diseases persist despite treatment because pathogenic cells are anatomically protected, pathways are redundant, drugs have poor tissue exposure, or systemic dosing is limited by toxicity.

Immunomodulatory Biomaterials: Anti-Inflammatory Strategies To Bypass The Mucosal Barrier

Mucosal inflammatory diseases pose a delivery problem as well as an immunological one.

Molecular Mechanisms And Therapeutic Targets Of Inflammatory Cell Migration

Inflammatory cell migration is the controlled movement of leukocytes from blood or tissue reservoirs into sites of infection, injury, and stress.

Immunothrombosis Associated With Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

Immunothrombosis is an innate defense program in which immune activation and coagulation cooperate to confine infection, but the same program becomes injurious when it is excessive or fails to resolve.

Biological Consequences of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Inflammation and Tumors

Consequences depend on which transport function fails, where it fails, and whether the change is transient, progressive, inflammatory, or tumor driven.

Nervous System and Immune Regulation in TME

The nervous system is now recognized as an active component of the tumor microenvironment (TME), alongside malignant, immune, vascular, and stromal cells.

Nervous System Regulation in GI Cancer

Nervous-system regulation in gastrointestinal cancer refers to reciprocal signaling among autonomic, enteric, and sensory nerves; tumor cells; stromal cells; and immune populations.

PNS-Tumor-Immune Interplay in Cancer

The peripheral nervous system-tumor-immune axis is the reciprocal network linking autonomic and sensory fibers with malignant, stromal, vascular, and immune cells.

Neural Influence on NSCLC Immunotherapy Efficacy

Neural influence on non-small cell lung cancer immunotherapy refers to the capacity of autonomic and sensory signaling to alter the tumor, stromal, vascular, and immune conditions that determine response to immune checkpoint inhibition.

Neural Invasion in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Perineural invasion is a prominent feature of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in which cancer cells invade, track along, or surround nerves.

Tumor Innervation: Neural Regulation of Cancer Progression and Immunity

Tumor innervation describes the entry, expansion, and functional activity of autonomic or sensory nerve fibers within the tumor microenvironment.

Entosis: A Cell-in-Cell Death Process

Entosis is a nonphagocytic cell-in-cell process in which one living cell actively enters another and may subsequently die inside the host cell.

Glycosylation Regulates Cell Adhesion

Glycosylation is the enzyme-directed addition and remodeling of carbohydrate structures on proteins and lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.

Amino Acid Metabolism and Disease

Amino acid metabolism comprises the transport, synthesis, degradation, and interconversion of amino acids used for protein production, energy, nitrogen disposal, redox control, and biosynthesis.

Membrane Contact Sites Mediate Organelle Interactions and Cancer Progression

Membrane contact sites are nanoscale regions where two organelles are closely apposed without membrane fusion, allowing lipids, calcium, metabolites, and signals to pass through organized protein assemblies.

Interplay Between Macrophages and Ferroptosis in Disease Therapy

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent regulated cell death driven by unchecked phospholipid peroxidation, whereas macrophages are phagocytic immune cells that coordinate iron recycling, lipid metabolism, inflammation, and tissue repair.

Nanomaterial-Based Tumor Therapy Targeting Mitochondrial Metabolism

Nanomaterial-based therapy targeting mitochondrial metabolism uses engineered carriers or reactive platforms to concentrate drugs, metals, photosensitizers, or metabolic inhibitors in tumors and then direct their action toward mitochondrial functions.

Intercellular Mitochondrial Transfer and Disease Therapy

Intercellular mitochondrial transfer is the movement of intact mitochondria or mitochondrial material from a donor cell to a recipient, where the cargo can alter respiration, stress responses, differentiation, or immune function.

Apoptosis Resistance in Metastatic Cancer

Apoptosis resistance is the capacity of malignant cells to avoid caspase-dependent death despite oncogenic stress, therapy, immune attack, or loss of tissue attachment.

Ammonia-Induced Death and Immunotherapy

Ammonia-induced cell death describes a recently reported metabolic vulnerability of activated effector CD8-positive T cells.

Anoikis: A Barrier Inhibiting Distant Metastasis of Cancer Cells

Anoikis is an apoptotic program triggered when anchorage-dependent cells lose appropriate contact with the extracellular matrix.

RCDs in Tumor Metabolism and Tumor Immunity

Metabolic context determines death susceptibility.

The Dual Role of NAD+ in Cancer Immunity

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) connects redox metabolism, energy production, DNA repair, epigenetic regulation, and immune-cell function.

Drug-Tolerant Persister Cells: Barriers to Cancer Therapy and Strategies for Elimination

Persistence is inherently treatment-dependent.

Remodeling the Tumor Dormancy Ecosystem and Targeting Tumor Recurrence

Latency can persist after treatment.

Degradation of the Glycocalyx Barrier: A Key Strategy in Tumor Immunity

This barrier is biologically dynamic.

Changes in Cell Polarity Reveal Cancer Progression

Cell polarity is the organized distribution of cellular structures and functions along a defined axis.

m6A: A Central Node in Telomere Homeostasis and Senescence Evasion in Ovarian Cancer

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a reversible RNA modification installed, removed, and interpreted by writer, eraser, and reader proteins.

Epigenetic metabolic interactions regulate T cell exhaustion

T cell exhaustion is a differentiated state that develops during persistent antigen exposure in chronic infection and cancer and is characterized by diminished effector function, sustained inhibitory-receptor expression, altered metabolism, and a distinct chromatin landscape.

Spatial joint analysis of methylome and transcriptome

Spatial joint analysis of the methylome and transcriptome measures DNA methylation and RNA expression while retaining each measurement's position in intact tissue.

Epigenetic Regulatory Targets Overcome Tumor Treatment Resistance

Tumor treatment resistance is not exclusively a genetic endpoint; it can also arise from reversible chromatin states that let a small fraction of cancer cells survive otherwise lethal therapy.

Epigenetic Mechanisms of Metalloproteinases and Interventions for Metastasis

Metalloproteinases are zinc-dependent proteases that remodel extracellular matrix and process cell-surface receptors, growth factors, cytokines, and adhesion molecules.

Epigenetic Regulation and the Tumor Immune Microenvironment

The tumor immune microenvironment is a spatial ecosystem of malignant, immune, stromal, endothelial, and extracellular-matrix components.

Epigenetics of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (NENs)

Neuroendocrine neoplasms comprise well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas arising in several organs.

Epigenetics of Esophageal Cancer

Esophageal cancer includes squamous-cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, diseases with distinct epidemiology, precursor lesions, and molecular landscapes.

Epigenetics of Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive diffuse glioma characterized by genetic alterations, epigenetic heterogeneity, and therapy-resistant cellular states.

Cancer Epigenetic Plasticity and CRISPR/dCas9 Editing

Cancer epigenetic plasticity is the capacity of malignant cells to adopt reversible transcriptional states that alter differentiation, invasion, immune recognition, and drug response.

Impact of Microbial Metabolites On Epigenetic Regulation

Microbial metabolites connect diet and community composition with host gene regulation.

Cancer Epigenetics: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Strategies

Cancer epigenetics studies heritable or persistent changes in gene regulation that do not require alteration of the underlying DNA sequence.

Frontiers in Cancer Suppression: Targeting Super-Enhancer-Driven Oncogenic Transcription

Super-enhancers are extended clusters of enhancers with unusually dense occupancy by lineage-defining transcription factors, Mediator, BRD4, and active histone marks.

Comparison of epigenetic profiles between metastatic and primary tumors

Comparing primary and metastatic tumor epigenomes asks which regulatory states are inherited from the founding lesion and which emerge during dissemination, treatment, and adaptation to a distant organ.

Epigenetic differences between the tumor margin and the tumor core

Epigenetic differences between a tumor margin and its core refer to spatial variation in DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility, histone regulation, and related transcriptional states across regions of the same lesion.

Mechanisms promoting immune resilience in the tumor microenvironment

Immune resilience in the tumor microenvironment describes the capacity of antitumor immune populations to preserve, recover, or re-establish effective function despite chronic antigen exposure, nutrient competition, hypoxia, inhibitory ligands, and suppressive stromal signals.

BCMA-Targeted CAR-T for MM

B-cell maturation antigen is a highly relevant surface target on malignant plasma cells, making BCMA-directed CAR-T therapy a major advance for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma.