Indole-3-pyruvic acid
Based on 3 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Indole-3-pyruvic acid, a keto analogue of tryptophan, is an orally active AHR agonist. Indole-3-pyruvic acid has antioxidant properties, and can be used in the research of inflammation, anxiety.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity: 99.55%
- CAS No.: 392-12-1
- Formula: C11H9NO3
- Molecular Weight:203.19
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Storage:
4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture and light
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Indole-3-pyruvic acid
MoreAll Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms
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Biological Activity
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Microbial Metabolite |
Indole-3-pyruvic acid (50 and 250 μM, 24 h) activates AHR in HepG2 cells[1].
Indole-3-pyruvic acid (50 μM, 4 days) does not inhibit Th1 cell differentiation but promotes Tr1 differentiation[1].
Indole-3-pyruvic acid (1 mM, 24 h) reduces UVB-induced cytotoxicity in HaCaT cells[1].
Indole-3-pyruvic acid (25 mM, 6 h) reduces the levels of COX-2 in HaCaT cells[2].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Cell Line:HaCaT cells
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Concentration:5-25 mM
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Incubation Time:6 h
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Result:Inhibited UVB-stimulated mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2).
Indole-3-pyruvic acid (oral administration, fed in MF chow (0.1%) for 5 wk) abrogates chronic inflammation in a T cell-mediated colitis model[1].
Indole-3-pyruvic acid (100 μM, dose at skin) protects against UVB-induced skin damage in HR-1 hairless mice[2].
Indole-3-pyruvic acid (intraperitoneal injection, 100-200 mg/kg) increases the time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze in mice[3].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Animal Model:BALB/c mice[1]
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Dosage:Fed in MF chow.0.1% for 5 d
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Administration:Oral administration
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Result:Up-regulated the expression of Cyp1a1 (a biomarker for AHR activation) in the colon.
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Animal Model:T cell–mediated colitis model of SCID mice[1]
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Dosage:Fed in MF chow.0.1% for 5 wk
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Administration:Oral administration
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Result:Suppressed diarrhea and improved colon inflammation.
Down-regulated the expression of Th1 and proinflammatory cytokines and upregulated the expression of IL-10 in the colon.
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Animal Model:HR-1 Hairless Mice[2]
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Dosage:100 μM
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Administration:Dose at skin
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Result:Enhanced the epidermal thickness.
Attenuated UVB-induced necrosis observed in upper layer of dermis.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 392-12-1
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 203.19
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Formula C11H9NO3
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Color Light yellow to brown
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SMILES
O=C(O)C(CC1=CNC2=CC=CC=C12)=O
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Structure Classification
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Initial Source
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture and light
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)
Publications (3)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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J Adv Res
2026 Feb 11:S2090-1232(26)00141-4. PMID: 41687771 -
Chin Med J (Engl)
Dietary tryptophan supplementation prevents sepsis by enhancing macrophage bacterial defense through GPR37 activation. [Abstract]2026 Jun 8. PMID: 42260317 -
Cell Rep
IL4i1 activity generates oncometabolites that rescue neuroblastoma cells from oxidative death. [Abstract]2026 Jun 23;45(6):117441. PMID: 42176266
Solvent & Solubility
DMSO : 100 mg/mL (492.15 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
H2O : 20 mg/mL (98.43 mM; ultrasonic and adjust pH to 12 with NaOH)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (10.24 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (10.24 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (282 KB)
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SDS (394 KB)
- English - EN (394 KB)
- Français - FR (394 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (394 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (394 KB)
- Español - ES (394 KB)
- Swedish - SV (394 KB)
- Italian - IT (394 KB)
- Korean - KR (394 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (394 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Reiji Aoki, et al. Indole-3-Pyruvic Acid, an Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activator, Suppresses Experimental Colitis in Mice. J Immunol. 2018 Dec 15;201(12):3683-3693. [Content Brief]
[2]. Reiji Aoki, et al. Protective effect of indole-3-pyruvate against ultraviolet b-induced damage to cultured HaCaT keratinocytes and the skin of hairless mice. PLoS One. 2014 May 8;9(5):e96804. [Content Brief]
[3]. I P Lapin, et al. Anxiolytic effect of indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) in mice. Pharmacol Res. 1993 Sep;28(2):129-34. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H2O / DMSO | 1 mM | 4.9215 mL | 24.6075 mL | 49.2150 mL | 123.0375 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.9843 mL | 4.9215 mL | 9.8430 mL | 24.6075 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4922 mL | 2.4608 mL | 4.9215 mL | 12.3038 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.3281 mL | 1.6405 mL | 3.2810 mL | 8.2025 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.2461 mL | 1.2304 mL | 2.4608 mL | 6.1519 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.1969 mL | 0.9843 mL | 1.9686 mL | 4.9215 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.1641 mL | 0.8203 mL | 1.6405 mL | 4.1013 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.1230 mL | 0.6152 mL | 1.2304 mL | 3.0759 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0984 mL | 0.4922 mL | 0.9843 mL | 2.4608 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0820 mL | 0.4101 mL | 0.8203 mL | 2.0506 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0615 mL | 0.3076 mL | 0.6152 mL | 1.5380 mL | |
| DMSO | 100 mM | 0.0492 mL | 0.2461 mL | 0.4922 mL | 1.2304 mL |
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Indole-3-pyruvic acid Related Classifications
HY-W028393 Related Classifications
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