Indole-3-pyruvic acid
Based on 3 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Indole-3-pyruvic acid is an orally active ketone analog of tryptophan, and is an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist. Indole-3-pyruvic acid inhibits p38/MAPK phosphorylation, regulates the tryptophan metabolic pathway, and also possesses protective activities against skin photodamage, as well as anti-inflammatory and anti-anxiety bioactivities in the gut. Indole-3-pyruvic acid can downregulate the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, Cox-2, and Bax to alleviate UVB-induced keratinocyte toxicity. Indole-3-pyruvic acid can activate AHR to promote Tr1 cell differentiation, increase IL-10, and inhibit Th1 cytokine production. Indole-3-pyruvic acid can alter the levels of kynurenine metabolites in the brain, mediating central nervous system-related effects. Indole-3-pyruvic acid can be used in research on skin lesions, colitis, and anxiety.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity : 99.55%
- CAS No.: 392-12-1
- Formula: C11H9NO3
- Molecular Weight:203.20
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Storage:
4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture and light
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)
To place orders, for customer services and technical support, please contact: MedChemExpress USA
Tel: 609-228-6898 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
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HY-104026
L-Kynurenine -
HY-113099
Indolelactic acid -
HY-W007376
Indole-3-carboxaldehyde -
HY-18569
3-Indoleacetic acid -
HY-W015229
3-Indolepropionic acid -
HY-100806
Kynurenic acid -
HY-N0170
Indole-3-carbinol -
HY-W010155
Tryptophol -
HY-12451
FICZ -
HY-N0623
L-Tryptophan -
HY-104026R
L-Kynurenine (Standard) -
HY-W028393R
Indole-3-pyruvic acid (Standard)
Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Indole-3-pyruvic acid
MoreAll Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms
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Biological Activity
Description
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IL-6 |
IL-1β |
IL-10 |
COX-2 |
Bax |
In Vitro
Indole‑3‑pyruvic acid (IPyr) (1‑25 mM; 24 h) increases cell viability and alleviates UVB‑triggered cytotoxicity in HaCaT keratinocytes[1].
Indole‑3‑pyruvic acid (25 mM; 6 h) suppresses the secretion of pro‑inflammatory cytokines IL‑1β, IL‑6 and Cox‑2 in UVB‑irradiated HaCaT keratinocytes[1].
Indole‑3‑pyruvic acid (5 mM; 1 h) attenuates p38 MAPK phosphorylation and down‑regulates Cox‑2 protein expression in UVB‑irradiated HaCaT keratinocytes[1].
Indole‑3‑pyruvic acid (50‑250 μM; 24 h) activates aryl hydrocarbon receptor in HepG2 reporter cells[2].
Indole‑3‑pyruvic acid (50 μM; 4 days) directly promotes type 1 regulatory T cell (Tr1) differentiation under Tr1‑polarizing cell culture conditions[2].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Cell Line:HaCaT cells
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Concentration:25 mM
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Incubation Time:6 h
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Result:Inhibited UVB-stimulated mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2).
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Cell Line:HaCaT cells
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Concentration:1, 5, 25 mM
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Incubation Time:24 h
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Result:Enhanced the cell viability of HaCaT keratinocytes and alleviated UVB-induced cytotoxicity.
In Vivo
Indole‑3‑pyruvic acid (0.1% diet; 5 days) up‑regulates colonic Cyp1a1 expression and activates intestinal AHR signalling pathway in BALB/c mice[2].
Indole‑3‑pyruvic acid (0.1% diet; 2 weeks) increases the frequency of CD103+CD11b− dendritic cells and decreases the proportion of CD103−CD11b+ dendritic cells in mesenteric lymph nodes of BALB/c mice[2].
Indole‑3‑pyruvic acid (0.1% diet; 5 weeks) relieves diarrhoea and ameliorates colonic histopathological lesions in SCID mice with naive CD4+ T‑cell‑transfer‑induced colitis, reduces Th1‑related cytokine transcripts and elevates IL‑10 mRNA expression level in colon tissues of colitic SCID mice[2].
Indole‑3‑pyruvic acid (100‑200 mg/kg; intraperitoneal injection, administered 1 h prior to behavioural test) increases the open‑arm entry ratio and open‑arm residence time, and antagonizes anxiogenic effects in the elevated‑plus‑maze mouse anxiety model[2].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Animal Model:HR‑1 hairless mice (8 weeks old) were exposed to UVB irradiation (1 J/cm2, twice on day1 and day3)[1]
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Dosage:100 mmol
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Administration:Topical application; two administrations (day1, day3)
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Result:Markedly mitigated skin erythema and reduced dermal thickness compared with the solvent‑treated UVB control group.
Significantly decreased transepithelial water loss and suppressed mRNA overexpression of pro‑inflammatory Il‑1β, Il‑6 and pro‑apoptotic Bax in dorsal skin tissues.
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Animal Model:Female CB17‑SCID mice (6‑week‑old) were intraperitoneally transferred with naive CD4+ T cells (1 × 106 cells per mouse) to establish T‑cell‑mediated chronic colitis model[2].
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Dosage:0.1 % (w/w)
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Administration:Dietary administration; continuous feeding for 5 weeks
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Result:Markedly relieved diarrhoea and improved colon histopathological scores compared with vehicle‑fed colitis control mice.
Significantly down‑regulated colonic mRNA levels of Th1‑associated Ifng, Tnfa and Il‑1b, while significantly elevating anti‑inflammatory Il‑10 transcript.
Reduced the frequency of pathogenic IFN‑γ+IL‑10− CD4+ Th1 cells and increased IFN‑γ−IL‑10+ type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells in colon lamina propria lymphocytes.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 392-12-1
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 203.20
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Formula C11H9NO3
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Color Light yellow to brown
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SMILES
O=C(O)C(CC1=CNC2=CC=CC=C12)=O
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Structure Classification
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Initial Source
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture and light
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)
Publications (3)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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J Adv Res
2026 Feb 11:S2090-1232(26)00141-4. PMID: 41687771 -
Chin Med J (Engl)
Dietary tryptophan supplementation prevents sepsis by enhancing macrophage bacterial defense through GPR37 activation. [Abstract]2026 Jun 8. PMID: 42260317 -
Cell Rep
IL4i1 activity generates oncometabolites that rescue neuroblastoma cells from oxidative death. [Abstract]2026 Jun 23;45(6):117441. PMID: 42176266
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro:
DMSO : 100 mg/mL (492.13 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
H2O : 20 mg/mL (98.43 mM; ultrasonic and adjust pH to 12 with NaOH)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
In Vivo:
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (10.24 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (10.24 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (297 KB)
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SDS (394 KB)
- English - EN (394 KB)
- Français - FR (394 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (394 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (394 KB)
- Español - ES (394 KB)
- Swedish - SV (394 KB)
- Italian - IT (394 KB)
- Korean - KR (394 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (394 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Reiji Aoki, et al. Protective effect of indole-3-pyruvate against ultraviolet b-induced damage to cultured HaCaT keratinocytes and the skin of hairless mice. PLoS One. 2014 May 8;9(5):e96804. [Content Brief]
[2]. Reiji Aoki, et al. Indole-3-Pyruvic Acid, an Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activator, Suppresses Experimental Colitis in Mice. J Immunol. 2018 Dec 15;201(12):3683-3693. [Content Brief]
[3]. I P Lapin, et al. Anxiolytic effect of indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) in mice. Pharmacol Res. 1993 Sep;28(2):129-34. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H2O / DMSO | 1 mM | 4.9213 mL | 24.6063 mL | 49.2126 mL | 123.0315 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.9843 mL | 4.9213 mL | 9.8425 mL | 24.6063 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4921 mL | 2.4606 mL | 4.9213 mL | 12.3031 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.3281 mL | 1.6404 mL | 3.2808 mL | 8.2021 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.2461 mL | 1.2303 mL | 2.4606 mL | 6.1516 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.1969 mL | 0.9843 mL | 1.9685 mL | 4.9213 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.1640 mL | 0.8202 mL | 1.6404 mL | 4.1010 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.1230 mL | 0.6152 mL | 1.2303 mL | 3.0758 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0984 mL | 0.4921 mL | 0.9843 mL | 2.4606 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0820 mL | 0.4101 mL | 0.8202 mL | 2.0505 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0615 mL | 0.3076 mL | 0.6152 mL | 1.5379 mL | |
| DMSO | 100 mM | 0.0492 mL | 0.2461 mL | 0.4921 mL | 1.2303 mL |
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Indole-3-pyruvic acid Related Classifications
HY-W028393 Related Classifications
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