Protocatechuic acid
Based on 9 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Protocatechuic acid is a phenolic compound which exhibits neuroprotective effect.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity: 99.98%
- CAS No.: 99-50-3
- Formula: C7H6O4
- Molecular Weight:154.12
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Storage:Powder -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 6 months , -20°C, 1 month
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Protocol
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Protocatechuic acid
More- Food Chem. 2023 Mar 30;405(Pt A):134807. [Abstract]
- Phytomedicine. 2025 Nov 25:148:157493. [Abstract]
- Phytomedicine. 2025 Oct 20:148:157423. [Abstract]
- Cell Biol Toxicol. 2024 Nov 26;40(1):104. [Abstract]
- Pharm Biol. 2023 Dec;61(1):737-745. [Abstract]
- Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2025 Aug 6:166:110633. [Abstract]
- J Neurosci Res. 2019 Dec;97(12):1689-1705. [Abstract]
- Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018 Sep 3;503(1):297-303. [Abstract]
- Acta Pharm. 2020 Dec 1;70(4):539-549. [Abstract]
Customer Validation & Images
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Cell Proliferation/Viability Assay
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RT-PCR
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Cell Imaging/Staining
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Flow Cytometry
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WB
All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms
More
Biological Activity
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Microbial Metabolite |
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Cell Line
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Type | Value | Description | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A549 | IC50 |
>50 μM
Compound: 6, Catechol
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Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay
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[PMID: 26276433] |
| BMDC | IC50 |
>50 μM
Compound: 2
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Inhibition of LPS-induced IL-12 p40 production in wild-type C57BL/6 mouse BMDC pretreated with compound for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured 16 hrs by ELISA
Inhibition of LPS-induced IL-12 p40 production in wild-type C57BL/6 mouse BMDC pretreated with compound for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured 16 hrs by ELISA
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[PMID: 25769817] |
| BMDC | IC50 |
>50 μM
Compound: 2
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Inhibition of LPS-induced IL-6 production in wild-type C57BL/6 mouse BMDC pretreated with compound for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured 16 hrs by ELISA
Inhibition of LPS-induced IL-6 production in wild-type C57BL/6 mouse BMDC pretreated with compound for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured 16 hrs by ELISA
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[PMID: 25769817] |
| BMDC | IC50 |
>50 μM
Compound: 2
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Inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha production in wild-type C57BL/6 mouse BMDC pretreated with compound for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured 16 hrs by ELISA
Inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha production in wild-type C57BL/6 mouse BMDC pretreated with compound for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured 16 hrs by ELISA
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[PMID: 25769817] |
| BMDM | IC50 |
89 μM
Compound: Protocatechuic acid
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Inhibition of M-CSF/RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in C57BL/6 mouse bone marrow macrophage assessed as reduction in multinucleated TRAP+ cells incubated for 6 days with fresh media replacement on day 3 and measured on day 6 by TRAP staining-base
Inhibition of M-CSF/RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in C57BL/6 mouse bone marrow macrophage assessed as reduction in multinucleated TRAP+ cells incubated for 6 days with fresh media replacement on day 3 and measured on day 6 by TRAP staining-base
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[PMID: 31257875] |
| BV-2 | IC50 |
>100 μM
Compound: 27
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Antineuroinflammatory activity in mouse BV2 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production after 24 hrs in presence of LPS by Griess reaction based assay
Antineuroinflammatory activity in mouse BV2 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production after 24 hrs in presence of LPS by Griess reaction based assay
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[PMID: 28911817] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
>15 mM
Compound: 6
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Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells harboring pendrin P123S mutant after 72 hrs by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells harboring pendrin P123S mutant after 72 hrs by MTT assay
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[PMID: 28341401] |
| HL-60 | IC50 |
>50 μM
Compound: 6, Catechol
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Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay
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[PMID: 26276433] |
| HT-22 | EC50 |
>100 μM
Compound: 35
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Neuroprotective activity against glutamate-induced cell death in mouse HT-22 cells assessed as increase in cell viability after 24 hrs by EZ-Cytox assay
Neuroprotective activity against glutamate-induced cell death in mouse HT-22 cells assessed as increase in cell viability after 24 hrs by EZ-Cytox assay
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[PMID: 32991171] |
| L02 | IC50 |
>50 μM
Compound: 6, Catechol
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Cytotoxicity against human HL7702 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against human HL7702 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay
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[PMID: 26276433] |
| SMMC-7721 | IC50 |
>50 μM
Compound: 6, Catechol
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Cytotoxicity against human SMMC7721 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against human SMMC7721 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay
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[PMID: 26276433] |
| SW480 | IC50 |
>50 μM
Compound: 6, Catechol
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Cytotoxicity against human SW480 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against human SW480 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay
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[PMID: 26276433] |
Protocatechuic acid inhibits the aggregation of Aβ and αS and destabilizes their preformed fibrils. Protocatechuic acid prevents the death of PC12 cells triggered by Aβ- and αS-induced toxicity[3].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
| NCT Number | Sponsor | Condition | Start Date |
Phase
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT01329991 | Plexxikon| | 2011-05 | PHASE1 |
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 99-50-3
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 154.12
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Formula C7H6O4
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Color White to off-white
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SMILES
O=C(O)C1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1
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Synonyms
3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
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Structure Classification
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Initial Source
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Publications (9)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Food Chem
Discovery of novel ascorbic acid derivatives and other metabolites in fruit of Rosa roxburghii Tratt through untargeted metabolomics and feature-based molecular networking. [Abstract]2023 Mar 30;405(Pt A):134807. PMID: 36370576 -
Phytomedicine
Protocatechuic acid alleviates cGAS-STING-mediated neuroinflammation by enhancing microglial autophagy in mouse models of Parkinson's disease. [Abstract]2025 Nov 25:148:157493. PMID: 41218352 -
Phytomedicine
Arnicolide C induces ROS-mediated modulation of PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways to suppress MYC in hepatocellular carcinoma. [Abstract]2025 Oct 20:148:157423. PMID: 41138574 -
Cell Biol Toxicol
Protocatechuic acid relieves ferroptosis in hepatic lipotoxicity and steatosis via regulating NRF2 signaling pathway. [Abstract]2024 Nov 26;40(1):104. PMID: 39589556
Protocatechuic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Biol Toxicol. 2024 Nov 26;40(1):104. [Abstract]
MHCC97-H cells were first pretreated with Protocatechuic acid (PCA) (10 μM) for 16 h, followed by treatment with ferroptosis inducers, erastin (10 μM) and sorafenib (5 μM) for 24 h. Cell viability was evaluated using CCK-8.
Protocatechuic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Biol Toxicol. 2024 Nov 26;40(1):104. [Abstract]
MHCC97-H cells were first pretreated with Protocatechuic acid (PCA) (10 μM) for 16 h, followed by treatment with ferroptosis inducers, erastin (10 μM) and sorafenib (5 μM) for 24 h. The mRNA expression of PTGS2, a marker gene for ferroptosis, was quantified using qPCR.
Protocatechuic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Biol Toxicol. 2024 Nov 26;40(1):104. [Abstract]
To evaluate the effect of Protocatechuic acid (PCA) on hepatic steatosis, MHCC97-H cells were first pretreated with PCA (10 μM) for 16 h, and subsequently exposed to palmitic acid (PA, 200 μM) for 24 h. The accumulation of lipid droplets was quantified using Nile Red staining.
Protocatechuic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Biol Toxicol. 2024 Nov 26;40(1):104. [Abstract]
The Protocatechuic acid (PCA) (10 μM) preconditioning also effectively reduced the cellular ROS level, contributing to the protection of PA-mediated lipotoxicity.
Protocatechuic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Biol Toxicol. 2024 Nov 26;40(1):104. [Abstract]
MHCC97-H cells were exposed to various concentrations of Protocatechuic acid (PCA) (10 μM) for 16 h, after which the cell samples were collected for western blot analysis to ascertain the impact of PCA on NRF2 activation.
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Pharm Biol
Hepatoprotective effect of protocatechuic acid against type 2 diabetes-induced liver injury. [Abstract]2023 Dec;61(1):737-745. PMID: 37129023 -
Fish Shellfish Immunol
Emodin enhances host antiviral immunity against Micropterus salmoides rhabdovirus by activating RLR signaling in largemouth bass. [Abstract]2025 Aug 6:166:110633. PMID: 40769268 -
J Neurosci Res
Enhanced mitochondrial inhibition by 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-acetaldehyde (DOPAL)-oligomerized α-synuclein. [Abstract]2019 Dec;97(12):1689-1705. PMID: 31420910 -
Biochem Biophys Res Commun
Effects of intracellular iron overload on cell death and identification of potent cell death inhibitors. [Abstract]2018 Sep 3;503(1):297-303. PMID: 29890135 -
Acta Pharm
Exploring the potential effect and mechanisms of protocatechuic acid on human hair follicle melanocytes. [Abstract]2020 Dec 1;70(4):539-549. PMID: 32412435
Solvent & Solubility
DMSO : 100 mg/mL (648.85 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
H2O : 10 mg/mL (64.88 mM; Need ultrasonic)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (16.22 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (16.22 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:
It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: PBS
Solubility: 16.67 mg/mL (108.16 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
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%DMSO +
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
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%+
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+%Tween-80 + +
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%Saline +
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO. Stock solution concentration: mg/mL.
1. Take μL DMSO stock solution;
2. Add μL .
μL , mix evenly;
3. Then add μL Tween 80, mix evenly;
4. Then add μL
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Protocol
AChE activity investigation is carried out in a reaction mixture containing 50 μL of tissue homogenate, 50 μL of 5, 5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic) acid (DTNB), 1175 μL of 0.1 M phosphate-buffered solution, pH 8.0. After incubation for 20 min at 25°C, 25 μL of acetylthiocholine iodide solution is added as the substrate. The AChE activity is determined as changes in absorbance reading at 412 nm for 3 min at 25°C and using a UV/Visible spectrophotometer.
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Dilutions of Protocatechuic acid (2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 μM) are prepared from stock solutions, with serum-free culture medium. Equal volumes of each solution are mixed with Aβ1-42 (10 μM), then incubated for 24 h on a thermoblock, with continuous agitation, and then exposed to PC12 cells for 24 h to test whether Protocatechuic acid can prevent cell death triggered by Aβ. Cell viability is determined by MTT reduction assay. Cells are treated with 200 μL per well of MTT solution (final concentration, 0.5 mg/mL in DMEM-Glutamax medium) for 3 h, at 37°C, with 5% CO2. The dark blue formazan crystals that formed are solubilized with 100 μL per well of DMSO, for 30 min. Absorbance is measured at 540 nm, with a microplate reader. Results are expressed as the percentage of MTT reduction in relation to the absorbance of control cells at 100%.
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (279 KB)
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SDS (393 KB)
- English - EN (393 KB)
- Français - FR (393 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (393 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (393 KB)
- Español - ES (393 KB)
- Swedish - SV (393 KB)
- Italian - IT (393 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (393 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Thakare VN, et al. Attenuation of acute restraint stress-induced depressive like behavior and hippocampal alterations with protocatechuic acid treatment in mice. Metab Brain Dis. 2016 Oct 26 [Content Brief]
[2]. Adefegha SA, et al. Alterations of Na+/K+-ATPase, cholinergic and antioxidant enzymes activity by protocatechuic acid in cadmium-induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in Wistar rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016 Oct;83:559-568 [Content Brief]
[3]. Hornedo-Ortega R, et al. Protocatechuic Acid: Inhibition of Fibril Formation, Destabilization of Preformed Fibrils of Amyloid-β and α-Synuclein, and Neuroprotection. J Agric Food Chem. 2016 Oct 10. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H2O / DMSO | 1 mM | 6.4885 mL | 32.4423 mL | 64.8845 mL | 162.2113 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.2977 mL | 6.4885 mL | 12.9769 mL | 32.4423 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.6488 mL | 3.2442 mL | 6.4885 mL | 16.2211 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.4326 mL | 2.1628 mL | 4.3256 mL | 10.8141 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.3244 mL | 1.6221 mL | 3.2442 mL | 8.1106 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.2595 mL | 1.2977 mL | 2.5954 mL | 6.4885 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.2163 mL | 1.0814 mL | 2.1628 mL | 5.4070 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.1622 mL | 0.8111 mL | 1.6221 mL | 4.0553 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.1298 mL | 0.6488 mL | 1.2977 mL | 3.2442 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.1081 mL | 0.5407 mL | 1.0814 mL | 2.7035 mL | |
| DMSO | 80 mM | 0.0811 mL | 0.4055 mL | 0.8111 mL | 2.0276 mL |
| 100 mM | 0.0649 mL | 0.3244 mL | 0.6488 mL | 1.6221 mL |
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
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