Protocatechuic acid (Synonyms: 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid)

Name: Protocatechuic acid
Brand: MedChemExpress
SKU: HY-N0294
Rating: 5.0 (9 reviews)

Cat. No.: HY-N0294 Purity: 99.98%: Data Sheet
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Protocatechuic acid is a phenolic compound which exhibits neuroprotective effect.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

CAS No. : 99-50-3

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Solid + Solvent (Highly Recommended)
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO ready for reconstitution	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
Solution
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
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200 mg	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
1 g	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
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Based on 9 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of Protocatechuic acid:

Protocatechuic acid (Standard) In-stock

9 Publications Citing Use of MCE Protocatechuic acid

Cell Proliferation/Viability Assay

RT-PCR

Cell Imaging/Staining

Flow Cytometry

: Protocatechuic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Biol Toxicol. 2024 Nov 26;40(1):104. [Abstract]; MHCC97-H cells were first pretreated with Protocatechuic acid (PCA) (10 μM) for 16 h, followed by treatment with ferroptosis inducers, erastin (10 μM) and sorafenib (5 μM) for 24 h. Cell viability was evaluated using CCK-8.

: Protocatechuic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Biol Toxicol. 2024 Nov 26;40(1):104. [Abstract]; MHCC97-H cells were first pretreated with Protocatechuic acid (PCA) (10 μM) for 16 h, followed by treatment with ferroptosis inducers, erastin (10 μM) and sorafenib (5 μM) for 24 h. The mRNA expression of PTGS2, a marker gene for ferroptosis, was quantified using qPCR.

: Protocatechuic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Biol Toxicol. 2024 Nov 26;40(1):104. [Abstract]; To evaluate the effect of Protocatechuic acid (PCA) on hepatic steatosis, MHCC97-H cells were first pretreated with PCA (10 μM) for 16 h, and subsequently exposed to palmitic acid (PA, 200 μM) for 24 h. The accumulation of lipid droplets was quantified using Nile Red staining.

: Protocatechuic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Biol Toxicol. 2024 Nov 26;40(1):104. [Abstract]; The Protocatechuic acid (PCA) (10 μM) preconditioning also effectively reduced the cellular ROS level, contributing to the protection of PA-mediated lipotoxicity.

: Protocatechuic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Biol Toxicol. 2024 Nov 26;40(1):104. [Abstract]; MHCC97-H cells were exposed to various concentrations of Protocatechuic acid (PCA) (10 μM) for 16 h, after which the cell samples were collected for western blot analysis to ascertain the impact of PCA on NRF2 activation.

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Human Endogenous Metabolite Microbial Metabolite

Biological Activity
Protocol
Purity & Documentation
References
Customer Review

Description

Protocatechuic acid is a phenolic compound which exhibits neuroprotective effect.

IC₅₀ & Target

Microbial Metabolite

Cellular Effect

Cell Line	Type	Value	Description	References
A549	IC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: 6, Catechol	Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 26276433]
BMDC	IC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: 2	Inhibition of LPS-induced IL-12 p40 production in wild-type C57BL/6 mouse BMDC pretreated with compound for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured 16 hrs by ELISA Inhibition of LPS-induced IL-12 p40 production in wild-type C57BL/6 mouse BMDC pretreated with compound for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured 16 hrs by ELISA	[PMID: 25769817]
BMDC	IC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: 2	Inhibition of LPS-induced IL-6 production in wild-type C57BL/6 mouse BMDC pretreated with compound for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured 16 hrs by ELISA Inhibition of LPS-induced IL-6 production in wild-type C57BL/6 mouse BMDC pretreated with compound for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured 16 hrs by ELISA	[PMID: 25769817]
BMDC	IC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: 2	Inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha production in wild-type C57BL/6 mouse BMDC pretreated with compound for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured 16 hrs by ELISA Inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha production in wild-type C57BL/6 mouse BMDC pretreated with compound for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured 16 hrs by ELISA	[PMID: 25769817]
BMDM	IC₅₀	89 μM Compound: Protocatechuic acid	Inhibition of M-CSF/RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in C57BL/6 mouse bone marrow macrophage assessed as reduction in multinucleated TRAP+ cells incubated for 6 days with fresh media replacement on day 3 and measured on day 6 by TRAP staining-based microscopic analysis Inhibition of M-CSF/RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in C57BL/6 mouse bone marrow macrophage assessed as reduction in multinucleated TRAP+ cells incubated for 6 days with fresh media replacement on day 3 and measured on day 6 by TRAP staining-based microscopic analysis	[PMID: 31257875]
BV-2	IC₅₀	> 100 μM Compound: 27	Antineuroinflammatory activity in mouse BV2 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production after 24 hrs in presence of LPS by Griess reaction based assay Antineuroinflammatory activity in mouse BV2 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production after 24 hrs in presence of LPS by Griess reaction based assay	[PMID: 28911817]
HEK293	IC₅₀	> 15 mM Compound: 6	Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells harboring pendrin P123S mutant after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells harboring pendrin P123S mutant after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 28341401]
HL-60	IC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: 6, Catechol	Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 26276433]
HT-22	EC₅₀	> 100 μM Compound: 35	Neuroprotective activity against glutamate-induced cell death in mouse HT-22 cells assessed as increase in cell viability after 24 hrs by EZ-Cytox assay Neuroprotective activity against glutamate-induced cell death in mouse HT-22 cells assessed as increase in cell viability after 24 hrs by EZ-Cytox assay	[PMID: 32991171]
L02	IC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: 6, Catechol	Cytotoxicity against human HL7702 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HL7702 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 26276433]
SMMC-7721	IC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: 6, Catechol	Cytotoxicity against human SMMC7721 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human SMMC7721 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 26276433]
SW480	IC₅₀	> 50 μM Compound: 6, Catechol	Cytotoxicity against human SW480 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human SW480 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 26276433]

In Vitro

Protocatechuic acid inhibits the aggregation of Aβ and αS and destabilizes their preformed fibrils. Protocatechuic acid prevents the death of PC12 cells triggered by Aβ- and αS-induced toxicity^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

In Vivo

Protocatechuic acid is able to prevent stress induced immobility time in forced swim test without altering locomotor activity in mice. Further, Protocatechuic acid treatment attenuates the elevation of serum corticosterone, lipid peroxidation and restores enzymatic antioxidants in cerebral cortex and hippocampus in ARS mice^[1]. Rat administered cadmium and treated with prostigmine and doses of Protocatechuic acid (10 20 mg/kg) has significantly reduced BChE activity. Cadmium and either Prostigmine or Protocatechuic acid (10 20 mg/kg) treated rats shows significant reduction in MDA level^[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Clinical Trial

Molecular Weight

154.12

Formula

C₇H₆O₄

CAS No.

99-50-3

Appearance

Solid

Color

White to off-white

SMILES

O=C(O)C1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1

Structure Classification

Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids

Initial Source

Microorganisms

Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

Powder	-20°C	3 years
	4°C	2 years
In solvent	-80°C	6 months
	-20°C	1 month

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (648.85 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

H₂O : 10 mg/mL (64.88 mM; Need ultrasonic)

Preparing
Stock Solutions

Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg

1 mM	6.4885 mL	32.4423 mL	64.8845 mL
5 mM	1.2977 mL	6.4885 mL	12.9769 mL
10 mM	0.6488 mL	3.2442 mL	6.4885 mL

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Molarity Calculator
Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

Concentration _(start)

Volume _(start)

Concentration _(final)

Volume _(final)

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (16.22 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (16.22 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
Protocol 3

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (16.22 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: PBS
Solubility: 16.67 mg/mL (108.16 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

mg/kg

Animal weight
(per animal)

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Please enter your animal formula composition:

DMSO +

Tween-80 +

Saline

Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.

The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).

Calculation results:

Working solution concentration: mg/mL

Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO (Stock solution concentration: mg/mL).

The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only. If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).

Method for preparing in vivo working solution for animal experiments: Take μL DMSO stock solution, add μL . μL , mix evenly, next add μL Tween 80, mix evenly, then add μL Saline.

If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.

Purity & Documentation

Purity: 99.98%

Select Batch:

Data Sheet (279 KB) SDS (393 KB)

COA (248 KB) RP-HPLC (255 KB)

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Thakare VN, et al. Attenuation of acute restraint stress-induced depressive like behavior and hippocampal alterations with protocatechuic acid treatment in mice. Metab Brain Dis. 2016 Oct 26 [Content Brief]

[2]. Adefegha SA, et al. Alterations of Na+/K+-ATPase, cholinergic and antioxidant enzymes activity by protocatechuic acid in cadmium-induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in Wistar rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016 Oct;83:559-568 [Content Brief]

[3]. Hornedo-Ortega R, et al. Protocatechuic Acid: Inhibition of Fibril Formation, Destabilization of Preformed Fibrils of Amyloid-β and α-Synuclein, and Neuroprotection. J Agric Food Chem. 2016 Oct 10. [Content Brief]

Kinase Assay ^[2]	AChE activity investigation is carried out in a reaction mixture containing 50 μL of tissue homogenate, 50 μL of 5, 5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic) acid (DTNB), 1175 μL of 0.1 M phosphate-buffered solution, pH 8.0. After incubation for 20 min at 25°C, 25 μL of acetylthiocholine iodide solution is added as the substrate. The AChE activity is determined as changes in absorbance reading at 412 nm for 3 min at 25°C and using a UV/Visible spectrophotometer. MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Cell Assay ^[3]	Dilutions of Protocatechuic acid (2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 μM) are prepared from stock solutions, with serum-free culture medium. Equal volumes of each solution are mixed with Aβ1-42 (10 μM), then incubated for 24 h on a thermoblock, with continuous agitation, and then exposed to PC12 cells for 24 h to test whether Protocatechuic acid can prevent cell death triggered by Aβ. Cell viability is determined by MTT reduction assay. Cells are treated with 200 μL per well of MTT solution (final concentration, 0.5 mg/mL in DMEM-Glutamax medium) for 3 h, at 37°C, with 5% CO₂. The dark blue formazan crystals that formed are solubilized with 100 μL per well of DMSO, for 30 min. Absorbance is measured at 540 nm, with a microplate reader. Results are expressed as the percentage of MTT reduction in relation to the absorbance of control cells at 100%. MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
References	[1]. Thakare VN, et al. Attenuation of acute restraint stress-induced depressive like behavior and hippocampal alterations with protocatechuic acid treatment in mice. Metab Brain Dis. 2016 Oct 26 [Content Brief] [2]. Adefegha SA, et al. Alterations of Na+/K+-ATPase, cholinergic and antioxidant enzymes activity by protocatechuic acid in cadmium-induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in Wistar rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016 Oct;83:559-568 [Content Brief] [3]. Hornedo-Ortega R, et al. Protocatechuic Acid: Inhibition of Fibril Formation, Destabilization of Preformed Fibrils of Amyloid-β and α-Synuclein, and Neuroprotection. J Agric Food Chem. 2016 Oct 10. [Content Brief]

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg

H₂O / DMSO	1 mM	6.4885 mL	32.4423 mL	64.8845 mL	162.2113 mL
	5 mM	1.2977 mL	6.4885 mL	12.9769 mL	32.4423 mL
	10 mM	0.6488 mL	3.2442 mL	6.4885 mL	16.2211 mL
	15 mM	0.4326 mL	2.1628 mL	4.3256 mL	10.8141 mL
	20 mM	0.3244 mL	1.6221 mL	3.2442 mL	8.1106 mL
	25 mM	0.2595 mL	1.2977 mL	2.5954 mL	6.4885 mL
	30 mM	0.2163 mL	1.0814 mL	2.1628 mL	5.4070 mL
	40 mM	0.1622 mL	0.8111 mL	1.6221 mL	4.0553 mL
	50 mM	0.1298 mL	0.6488 mL	1.2977 mL	3.2442 mL
	60 mM	0.1081 mL	0.5407 mL	1.0814 mL	2.7035 mL
DMSO	80 mM	0.0811 mL	0.4055 mL	0.8111 mL	2.0276 mL
DMSO	100 mM	0.0649 mL	0.3244 mL	0.6488 mL	1.6221 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Protocatechuic acid Related Classifications

Neurological Disease

Help & FAQs

Do most proteins show cross-species activity?
Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

Keywords:

Protocatechuic acid99-50-33,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acidEndogenous MetaboliteInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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Protocatechuic acid (Synonyms: 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid)

Customer Review

Other Forms of Protocatechuic acid:

Protocatechuic acid Related Antibodies

9 Publications Citing Use of MCE Protocatechuic acid

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Biological Activity

Protocol

Purity & Documentation

References

Customer Review

Protocatechuic acid Related Antibodies

Molarity Calculator

Dilution Calculator

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Protocatechuic acid Related Classifications

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