Epilepsy Models

Kainic acid is a potent excitotoxic agent. Kainic acid hydrate also is an agonist for a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor. Kainic acid induces seizures.

Pilocarpine Hydrochloride is an orally active, selective M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. Pilocarpine Hydrochloride can induce seizures and is used in research on conditions such as epilepsy, dry mouth (xerostomia), and elevated intraocular pressure.

Bicuculline ((+)-Bicuculline) is A competing neurotransmitter GABA_A receptor antagonist (IC₅₀=2 μM). Bicuculline also blocks Ca²⁺ activating potassium (SK) channels and subsequently blocks slow post-hyperpolarization (slow AHP). Bicuculline has anticonvulsant activity. Bicuculline can be used to induce seizures in mice.

Pilocarpine is an orally active, selective M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. Pilocarpine can induce seizures. Pilocarpine is used in research on conditions such as epilepsy, dry mouth (xerostomia), and elevated intraocular pressure.

AY 9944 is a specific cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor. AY 9944 inhibits the 7-dehydro cholesterol Δ7-reductase (DHCR7) enzyme with an IC₅₀ of 13 nM. AY 9944 causes hypocholesterolemia and accumulation of 7DHC. At high doses, AY 9944 inhibits also in cultured embryos sterol Δ7-Δ8 isomerase, which causes the accumulation of cholest-8-en-3β-ol.

L-5-Hydroxytryptophan (L-5-HTP), a naturally occurring amino acid and a dietary supplement for use as an antidepressant, appetite suppressant, and sleep aid, is the immediate precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin and a reserpine antagonist. L-5-Hydroxytryptophan (L-5-HTP) is used to treat fibromyalgia, myoclonus, migraine, and cerebellar ataxia.

Bicuculline ((+)-Bicuculline; d-Bicuculline) methochloride is a selective GABAA receptor antagonist with an IC₅₀ value of 3 μM. Bicuculline methochloride induces clonic tonic convulsions in mammals and can also be used to block Ca²⁺ activated potassium channels. Bicuculline methochloride can be used in studies of epilepsy and other related psychiatric disorders.

(-)-Bicuculline methobromide is a potent GABA_A blocker. (-)-Bicuculline methobromide alters membrane properties and firing pattern. (-)-Bicuculline methobromide reduces the Apamin-sensitive afterhyperpolarization, while Apamin is a toxin isolated from bee venom to block small conductance Ca²⁺ -activated K⁺ channels. (-)-Bicuculline methobromide facilitates burst firing via blocking apamin-sensitive Ca²⁺ -activated K⁺ current.

Kainic acid hydrate is a potent excitotoxic agent. Kainic acid hydrate also is an agonist for a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor. Kainic acid hydrate induces seizures.

(RS)-(Tetrazol-5-yl)glycine (D,L-(tetrazol-5-yl)glycine) is a highly potent and selective N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist. (RS)-(Tetrazol-5-yl)glycine has EC₅₀s of 99 nM, 1.7 μM for GluN1/GluN2D and GluN1/GluN2A, respectively. (RS)-(Tetrazol-5-yl)glycine induces seizure responses and Fos in mice.

Bicuculline methobromide is a selective GABAA Receptor antagonist with an IC₅₀ value of 3 μM. Bicuculline methobromide induces clonic tonic convulsions in mammals and can also be used to block Ca²⁺ activated potassium channels. Bicuculline methobromide can be used in studies of epilepsy and other related psychiatric disorders.