Cellular Degeneration

Cellular Senescence, Aging & Age-Related Diseases

Cellular senescence refers to the irreversible growth arrest that occurs in cells after a period of proliferation in vitro, following sublethal stress or oncogene expression.

Mechanisms And Phenotypes Of Sepsis-Associated Immunosenescence

Sepsis-associated immunosenescence describes age-like immune dysfunction present in older patients and, in accelerated form, after severe sepsis in younger people.

Neuroinflammation: Deciphering The Mechanisms Of The Immune-Brain Interface

Neuroinflammation is the coordinated response of central nervous system (CNS) resident cells, brain barriers, peripheral immunity, and neural circuits to infection, injury, protein pathology, or systemic disturbance.

Molecular And Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Alveolar Bone Loss In Periodontitis

Periodontitis is a chronic immunoinflammatory disease in which a dysbiotic biofilm and a susceptible host response destroy gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone.

Obesity-Targeting Drugs May Offer A New Direction For Osteoarthritis Treatment

Obesity is a major modifiable risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA), particularly knee OA, but its effects extend beyond mechanical loading.

Regulation Of Arthritis By The Multi-Organ-Joint Axis

The multi-organ–joint axis reframes arthritis as a disease influenced by communication among mucosal tissues, metabolism, muscle, nervous and endocrine systems, and the joint.

Aging-Associated Chronic Inflammation

Aging-associated chronic inflammation, commonly termed inflammaging, is a persistent, sterile, low-grade inflammatory state that develops in many older adults.

Pathological Targets and Proteinopathies in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Pathological deposits do not reveal causal species.

Neurogenesis and Brain Aging

Aging may alter every developmental step differently.

Microglial Heterogeneity and Plasticity Mediate the Regulation of Neurological Diseases

No single microglial phenotype adequately represents all brain regions, ages, injuries, neurodegenerative conditions, or treatment periods in patients today.

Research Progress on Rare Diseases of the Nervous System

Progress depends on linking molecular diagnosis to age-specific natural history because small, heterogeneous cohorts make conventional recruitment and endpoint design difficult.

Physiological and Pathological Mechanisms of Central Lipoproteins

Central lipoproteins are lipid-protein particles produced largely within the brain and cerebrospinal-fluid compartments.

Inflammaging and Neurological Disorders

Inflammaging describes the chronic, sterile, low-grade inflammatory state that develops with age and contributes to age-related disease.

TREM2, SC Metabolism, and Peripheral Nerve

Here, “SC” denotes Schwann cells, the peripheral glia that form myelin, support axons, and reorganize after nerve injury.

Neuro-Immune Crosstalk in Hematopoiesis and Inflammation

Neuro-immune regulation of hematopoiesis describes how peripheral nerves and neural mediators control blood-cell production, retention, release, trafficking, and repair.

TNS-Mediated Pathways for Arousal Recovery Post-TBI

Trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) delivers electrical input to trigeminal afferents to engage distributed brainstem, hypothalamic, midbrain, and forebrain circuits without direct intracranial implantation.

Peripheral Nervous System Side Effects from Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

Immune checkpoint inhibitors release inhibitory signals imposed by CTLA-4, PD-1, or PD-L1 and can produce durable antitumor immunity, but the same immune activation can injure normal tissues.

Oxidative Stress and Neuroprotection in Neurological Disorders

Oxidative stress is a disruption of redox homeostasis in which oxidant production and antioxidant control no longer remain appropriately balanced, permitting molecular damage.

MOFs for Nerve Regeneration and Neurological Disorders

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous crystalline materials assembled from metal ions or clusters and organic linkers.

Neural Invasion in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Perineural invasion is a prominent feature of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in which cancer cells invade, track along, or surround nerves.

Optoelectronic Neural Interfaces for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

Optoelectronic neural interfaces use light-responsive materials to change electrical or thermal conditions at neural tissue and thereby modulate activity.

Copper Homeostasis and Cuproptosis in Central Nervous System Diseases

Copper homeostasis balances uptake, distribution, incorporation into enzymes, storage, and export so that the brain receives an essential cofactor without accumulating toxic labile copper.

Intercellular Mitochondrial Transfer and Disease Therapy

Intercellular mitochondrial transfer is the movement of intact mitochondria or mitochondrial material from a donor cell to a recipient, where the cargo can alter respiration, stress responses, differentiation, or immune function.

Erebosis: A Newly Described Cell-Death Phenomenon

Erebosis describes a cell-death-like state discovered during homeostatic replacement of enterocytes in the adult Drosophila intestine.

Beyond Apoptosis: Mitochondrial Signaling in Cancer, Immunity, and Aging

Mitochondria are not merely ATP-generating organelles or passive platforms for intrinsic apoptosis.

m6A: A Central Node in Telomere Homeostasis and Senescence Evasion in Ovarian Cancer

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a reversible RNA modification installed, removed, and interpreted by writer, eraser, and reader proteins.

Apparent clock and methylation biomarkers for brain health

'Apparent clock' is an epigenetic clock that estimates biological or apparent age from DNA methylation.

Epigenetic regulation mediates the three-dimensional genome and cellular memory

The three-dimensional genome describes the non-random folding of chromosomes inside the nucleus, whereas cellular memory denotes the persistence of a regulatory state after the initiating signal has disappeared or through cell division.

Multi-omics regulation and heterogeneity mechanisms of cellular senescence

Cellular senescence is a stable proliferation arrest accompanied by broad changes in chromatin, transcription, metabolism, organelles, and intercellular signaling.

Long Non-coding RNAs and Cellular Senescence

Long noncoding RNAs are transcripts longer than about 200 nucleotides that generally lack conventional protein-coding capacity and regulate gene expression through RNA-DNA, RNA-RNA, and RNA-protein interactions.

Epigenetics and Neurological Therapy

Neurological epigenetics studies how DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and regulatory RNAs govern neural development, mature circuit function, and disease.

Epigenetic Clocks: The Aging Process of the Epigenome

Epigenetic clocks are statistical models that estimate chronological age, biological aging, or mortality-related risk from DNA methylation values at selected CpG sites.

Epigenetics Drives Oocyte Aging: From Mechanisms to Interventions

Oocyte aging comprises age-associated decline during the female reproductive lifespan and postovulatory deterioration after ovulation.

Reprogrammable epigenetic memory

Reprogrammable epigenetic memory is the persistence of cell-of-origin regulatory information during an attempted change of cell identity, together with the possibility that this information can be erased, rewritten, or exploited.

Immunotherapy for Neurological Diseases

Immunotherapy for neurological disease spans two different goals: suppressing pathogenic immunity in disorders such as multiple sclerosis and using immune mechanisms to clear or modify toxic proteins in neurodegeneration.

Immunotherapy and Neurological Adverse Events

Cancer immunotherapy can cause neurologic immune-related adverse events when immune activation extends beyond the tumor and injures the central or peripheral nervous system.

MS and ICI (Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor) Therapy

Immune checkpoint inhibitors create a difficult risk-benefit problem when cancer occurs in a person with multiple sclerosis.

Impact of Micro- and Nanoplastics on Cardiovascular Disease

Microplastics and nanoplastics are heterogeneous particles generated by degradation, abrasion, or manufacture of plastic materials.

Aging disrupts the neurovascular interaction of the heart.

The cardiac neurovascular interface is the aligned network of autonomic axons, microvessels, endothelial signals, and myocardial targets that coordinates perfusion, rhythm, and contractile adaptation.

Molecular landscape of the hematopoietic stem cell niche

The hematopoietic stem-cell niche is the multicellular, molecular, and physical bone-marrow environment that regulates stem-cell quiescence, self-renewal, differentiation, mobilization, and return.

Health Risks and Drivers of Clonal Hematopoiesis

Clonal hematopoiesis is the expansion of a blood-cell clone carrying an acquired mutation or chromosomal alteration.

Cardiovascular Aging: Characteristics, Pathways, and Therapeutic Targets

Cardiovascular aging is the progressive loss of vascular and cardiac resilience that occurs through cumulative molecular damage, altered repair, and lifelong exposure to hemodynamic and metabolic stress.

Downstream effects of mTOR inhibition in the treatment of cardiovascular disease

Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a conserved nutrient- and growth-sensing kinase organized into mTORC1 and mTORC2.

Precision intervention of inflammaging

Inflammaging is chronic, systemic, low-grade inflammation that emerges with age and increases susceptibility to cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, cancer, metabolic disease, frailty, and disability.

Cellular Senescence and Cardiovascular Aging

Cellular senescence is a durable cell-cycle arrest induced by telomere attrition, DNA damage, oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction, oncogene signaling, or epigenetic change.

Neuroimmune Niches within the Brain

Neuroimmune niches are anatomically specialized interfaces where immune cells, stromal cells, vascular or epithelial barriers, cerebrospinal fluid, and neural signals meet.

Mechanisms of Inflammageing and Cardiovascular Diseases

Inflammageing is persistent, low-grade inflammation that develops with age and increases vulnerability to cardiovascular disease, frailty, disability, and multimorbidity.

Signal Input and Output Mechanisms of the Cerebral Cortex

The cerebral cortex transforms distributed sensory, thalamic, subcortical, and intracortical input into perception, action, cognition, and descending output.

Principles and Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Predicting Brain Injury

Artificial intelligence is being developed to predict traumatic brain injury lesions, deterioration, mortality, and long-term functional outcome from heterogeneous clinical data.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) systems to reverse neurodegenerative diseases

Deep brain stimulation is an implantable, circuit-based neuromodulation therapy in which an intracranial electrode, extension lead, and pulse generator deliver adjustable electrical stimulation.