Pinaceae

3',4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone (3,4-DHAP) is a phenolic compound with oral bioavailability, possessing potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and cardiovascular protective activities. 3',4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone inhibits mushroom Tyrosinase activity with an IC₅₀ of 10 μM, thereby suppressing melanogenesis. 3',4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone inhibits platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma. 3',4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone reduces ROS levels in human umbilical vein endothelial cells treated with high glucose, upregulates the expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and PARP-1 in cells, and promotes the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. 3',4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone induces autophagy and apoptosis. 3',4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone inhibits seed germination/growth in most plants. 3',4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone can be used in the research of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, diabetes, obesity, skin pigmentation disorders, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

(+)-Todomatuic acid is a naturally occurring sesquiterpenoid, and its derivatives juvabiones exhibit juvenile hormone-like activity in insects as well as antifungal activity. (+)-Todomatuic acid can be used in research on the regulation of agricultural pests and the inhibition of phytopathogenic fungi.

Pungenin is a compound that can be isolated from Leontopodium leontopodioides. Pungenin exhibits lipase inhibitory activity. Pungenin reuduces triglyceride absorption.

(-)-Cedrene (α-cedrene) is a major constituent that can be found in essential oils. (-)-Cedrene (α-cedrene) is a natural, orally active ligand of mouse olfactory receptor 23, which induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy in mice. (-)-Cedrene exhibits trypanocidal (Trypanosoma b. brucei) (IC₅₀ = 4.07 μg/mL). (-)-Cedrene is antileukemic in vitro (IC₅₀ = 22.2 μg/mL). (-)-Cedrene has antimicrobial activity against anaerobic bacteria and yeast. (-)-Cedrene exhibits anti-obesity activity.

Pseudolaric Acid B is an orally active diterpene acid. Pseudolaric Acid B has anti-fungal, anti-fertility, anti-angiogenesis and anticancer activity, and can induce tumor cell apoptosis and autophagy. In addition, Pseudolaric Acid B can inhibit the secretion of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and has immunosuppressive effect, selectively inhibiting the proliferation of T lymphocytes and the production of IL-2.

Larixyl acetate is a potent and selective TRPC6 inhibitor with IC₅₀ values of 0.58 μM and 6.83 μM against hTRPC6-YFP and hTRPC3-YFP, respectively. Larixyl acetate prevents HPV and is effective in protecting against traumatic brain injury-induced systemic endothelial dysfunction.

Leelamine hydrochloride is an orally active weakly basic amine that inhibits NPC1 and the androgen receptor AR-V7, and acts as a cannabinoid receptor agonist. Leelamine hydrochloride also functions as a lysosome affinity agent that blocks endocytosis, disrupts autophagic flux and cholesterol transport, thereby altering the RTK-AKT/STAT/MAPK signaling cascade. Leelamine hydrochloride induces cancer cell death and autophagosome accumulation, and can be used in research related to melanoma, castration-resistant prostate cancer and breast cancer.

Myricetin-3-O-rutinoside is a Myricetin (HY-15097) derivative that can be found in the needles of Picea abies (Norway spruce). Myricetin-3-O-rutinoside exhibits certain anti-inflammatory activity.

Isopimaric acid is a coniferous tree defense compound. Isopimaric acid binds to AKT and inhibits mTOR phosphorylation, thereby regulating the AKT/mTOR pathway. Isopimaric acid inhibits oxidative stress, inflammation, microglial migration, apoptosis, autophagic flux, ornithine decarboxylase activity, breast cancer proliferation and metastasis, and fungal spore germination. Isopimaric acid also induces M2 microglial polarization, mitochondrial damage, ROS accumulation, starvation-induced colon cancer cell apoptosis, and breast cancer cell cycle arrest. Isopimaric acid activates potassium channels, regulates sodium channels and calcium channels, reduces myocardial excitability, and improves arrhythmia. Isopimaric acid acts as an oxidative substrate for CYP6BW1/3, down-regulates PINK1/Parkin, and regulates calcium homeostasis, oxidative phosphorylation, EMT, and the Wnt pathway. Isopimaric acid exhibits activity against drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, repels feeding, and promotes the growth of rice seedlings. Isopimaric acid is suitable for research related to epilepsy, tumors, drug-resistant bacterial infections, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, pulmonary tuberculosis, etc.

Pinolenic acid (PNLA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that can be isolated from Pinus orientalis and Pinus pinaster seed oil. Pinolenic acid has anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering activities.

Larixol is an fMLP inhibitor and also inhibits Src kinase, ERK1/2, p38 and AKT phosphorylation signals in immune regulation. Larixol can interfere with the interaction between the βγ subunit of the fMLP receptor Gi protein and its downstream molecules, thereby inhibiting fMLP-induced respiratory burst. Larixol inhibits fMLP (0.1 μM)-induced superoxide anion production (IC₅₀: 1.98 μM), cathepsin G release (IC₅₀: 2.76 μM), and chemotaxis. Larixol improves neutrophil hyperactivation and reduces inflammation or tissue damage. A series of Larixol derivatives were found to have inhibitory effects on FSGS-related TRPC6 functional mutants.

Pinobanksin has apoptotic induction in a B-cell lymphoma cell line.

Pseudolaric C is a diterpenoid isolated from the root bark of Pseudolarix amabilis, has antifungal activity.

3,5-Dimethoxybenzyl alcohol is a Phenols product that can be isolated from the herbs of Pinus sylvestris.