Perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoic) acid (Synonyms: HFPO-DA)

Cat. No.: HY-W081067 Purity: 98.0%: Data Sheet
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Perfluoro (2-methyl-3-oxahexanoic) acid (HFPO-DA) is an orally active PPARα agonist with an EC₅₀ of 2.1 μM for human PPARα. Perfluoro (2-methyl-3-oxahexanoic) acid induces peroxisome proliferation and increases the levels of proinflammatory mediators. It impairs intestinal barrier function and disrupts cecal flora balance. Perfluoro (2-methyl-3-oxahexanoic) acid is applicable to research related to developmental toxicity, hepatotoxicity and intestinal toxicity.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoic) acid Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 13252-13-6

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Liquid + Solvent (Highly Recommended)
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO ready for reconstitution	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
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10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
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Biological Activity
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Description

IC₅₀ & Target^[1]

PPARα

2.1 μM (EC₅₀)

In Vitro

Perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoic) acid (HFPO-DA) activates mouse PPARα in a transactivation reporter gene assay with an EC₅₀ of 40 μM^[1].
Perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoic) acid activates rat PPARα in transactivation reporter gene assays with an EC₅₀ of 114 μM and an EC₂₀ of 83.18 μM, and is more potent than endogenous fatty acids and clofibric acid^[1].
Perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoic) acid fully activates human PPARα in a transactivation reporter gene assay with an EC₅₀ of 2.1 μM and 134% efficacy relative to positive control^[1].
Perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoic) acid induces hepatic lipid metabolism-related gene expression in HepG2 human hepatoma cells^[1].
Perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoic) acid (1 mM) weakly activates mouse PPARγ in a transactivation reporter gene assay, with minimal binding affinity to the PPARγ ligand binding domain^[1].
Perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoic) acid (300 μM) activates rat PPARγ (GAL4 fusion construct) with a lowest observed effect concentration of 300 μM, yielding a 2-fold increase over vehicle control^[1].
Perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoic) acid (Environmental levels) significantly inhibits chlorella growth and alters chlorella antioxidant responses in cell-free in vitro assays^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

In Vivo

Perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoic) acid (HFPO-DA) (0.1-30 mg/kg; p.o.; daily; 28 days, 90 days, or gestation days 1.5-17.5) activates hepatic PPARα in mice in vivo in a dose-dependent manner, triggering downstream alterations in lipid metabolism, peroxisome proliferation, cell growth pathways, and cell growth/survival, with effects first detectable at doses ≥0.5 mg/kg and more pronounced at higher doses^[1].
Perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoic) acid (50 mg/kg male, 500 mg/kg female; p.o.; daily; chronic) induces tumors in Sprague Dawley rats in a pattern consistent with the PPARα activator tumor triad, with liver tumors in females at 500 mg/kg-day and pancreatic/Leydig cell tumors in males at 50 mg/kg-day^[1].
Perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoic) acid (5-500 μg/L; aqueous exposure; continuous; 120 hours) induces significant developmental toxicity in Danio rerio embryos, including increased heart rate, inhibited locomotor activity, altered antioxidant and neurotoxicity-related enzyme activities, disrupted HPT axis function, modified apoptosis-related gene expression, and impaired lipid metabolism gene regulation^[2].
Perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoic) acid (2-200 μg/L; p.o.; daily; 6 weeks) induces dose-dependent intestinal inflammation, colonic barrier dysfunction, and gut microbiota disruption in male C57BL/6J mice, with the 200 μg/L dose producing the most robust and broad toxic effects^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model:	male, female, pregnant dams^[1]
Dosage:	0.1 mg/kg (28/90 days); 0.5 mg/kg (90 days); 1 mg/kg (28 days); 2 mg/kg (gestation days 1.5-17.5); 3 mg/kg (28 days); 5 mg/kg (90 days/gestation days 1.5-17.5); 10 mg/kg (gestation days 1.5-17.5); 30 mg/kg (28 days)
Administration:	p.o.; daily; 28 days, 90 days, or gestation days 1.5-17.5
Result:	Increased PPARα signaling and peroxisomal lipid metabolism signaling, and caused hepatocellular hypertrophy and hepatomegaly at 0.5 mg/kg after 90 days. Increased PPARα signaling, and caused hepatocellular hypertrophy and hepatomegaly at 1 mg/kg after 28 days. Caused large, statistically significant increase in peroxisomal β-oxidation activity, hepatocellular hypertrophy, single cell necrosis/apoptosis, and increased mitotic cell cycle signaling at 3 mg/kg after 28 days. Caused increased mitotic figures in liver tissue at 2 and 10 mg/kg in pregnant dams after gestation days 1.5-17.5. Increased peroxisomal β-oxidation activity, and caused hepatocellular hypertrophy, mitotic figures, single cell necrosis/apoptosis at 30 mg/kg after 28 days.

Animal Model:	Sprague Dawley (male, female)^[1]
Dosage:	50 mg/kg (male rats); 500 mg/kg (female rats)
Administration:	p.o.; daily; chronic
Result:	Induced liver tumors in female rats at 500 mg/kg-day. Caused a small but statistically significant increase in pancreatic acinar cell adenomas/carcinomas and a slight elevation in Leydig cell tumors, and showed liver effects consistent with PPARα activation in male rats at 50 mg/kg-day.

Animal Model:	C57BL/6J (6-week-old male)^[3]
Dosage:	2 μg/L (average 0.3 μg/kg/day); 20 μg/L (average 3 μg/kg/day); 200 μg/L (average 30 μg/kg/day)
Administration:	p.o.; daily; 6 weeks
Result:	Increased serum TNF-α levels, increased ileal TNF-α mRNA levels, decreased colon Mep1A mRNA levels and colon Mep1B mRNA levels, decreased ileal MUC2 mRNA levels, and decreased fecal Firmicutes relative abundance at 2 μg/L dose. Increased ileal TNF-α mRNA levels and ileal IL-1β mRNA levels, decreased colon Mep1B mRNA levels, increased colon Occludin mRNA levels, increased ileal KLF4 mRNA levels and ileal FABP2 mRNA levels, increased colon TLR4 protein levels, and decreased fecal Firmicutes relative abundance at 20 μg/L dose.

Molecular Weight

330.05

Formula

C₆HF₁₁O₃

CAS No.

13252-13-6

Appearance

Liquid (Density: 1.69 g/cm³)

Color

Colorless to light yellow

SMILES

O=C(O)C(OC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F)(F)C(F)(F)F

Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

Pure form	-20°C	3 years
	4°C	2 years
In solvent	-80°C	6 months
	-20°C	1 month

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (302.98 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

Preparing
Stock Solutions

Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg

1 mM	3.0298 mL	15.1492 mL	30.2984 mL
5 mM	0.6060 mL	3.0298 mL	6.0597 mL
10 mM	0.3030 mL	1.5149 mL	3.0298 mL

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

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Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

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In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

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Purity & Documentation

Purity: 99.41%

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Data Sheet (280 KB) SDS (477 KB)

COA (247 KB) CNMR (117 KB) GC (199 KB)

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Heintz MM, et al. Assessment of the mode of action underlying development of liver lesions in mice following oral exposure to HFPO-DA and relevance to humans. Toxicol Sci. 2023;192(1):15-29.

[2]. Wang Y, et al. Comparison of developmental toxicity induced by PFOA, HFPO-DA, and HFPO-TA in zebrafish embryos. Chemosphere. 2023;311(Pt 1):136999.

[3]. Xie X, et al. Exposure to hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA) disturbs the gut barrier function and gut microbiota in mice. Environ Pollut. 2021;290:117934.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg

DMSO	1 mM	3.0298 mL	15.1492 mL	30.2984 mL	75.7461 mL
	5 mM	0.6060 mL	3.0298 mL	6.0597 mL	15.1492 mL
	10 mM	0.3030 mL	1.5149 mL	3.0298 mL	7.5746 mL
	15 mM	0.2020 mL	1.0099 mL	2.0199 mL	5.0497 mL
	20 mM	0.1515 mL	0.7575 mL	1.5149 mL	3.7873 mL
	25 mM	0.1212 mL	0.6060 mL	1.2119 mL	3.0298 mL
	30 mM	0.1010 mL	0.5050 mL	1.0099 mL	2.5249 mL
	40 mM	0.0757 mL	0.3787 mL	0.7575 mL	1.8937 mL
	50 mM	0.0606 mL	0.3030 mL	0.6060 mL	1.5149 mL
	60 mM	0.0505 mL	0.2525 mL	0.5050 mL	1.2624 mL
	80 mM	0.0379 mL	0.1894 mL	0.3787 mL	0.9468 mL
	100 mM	0.0303 mL	0.1515 mL	0.3030 mL	0.7575 mL

Perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoic) acid Related Classifications

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Help & FAQs

Do most proteins show cross-species activity?
Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

Keywords:

Perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoic) acid13252-13-6HFPO-DAPPARPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptorsperoxisome proliferator-activated receptor alphaPPARαHepG2 human hepatoma cellsfatty acid β-oxidationSprague Dawley ratsC57BL/6J miceperoxisome proliferationcecal microbiotagut barrier functionzebrafish embryoInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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Perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoic) acid (Synonyms: HFPO-DA)

Perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoic) acid Related Antibodies

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