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  4. Riboflavin

Riboflavin  (Synonyms: Vitamin B2; E101)

Cat. No.: HY-B0456 Purity: 99.89%
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Riboflavin, an orally active and easily absorbed micronutrient, is a precursor of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which serve as coenzymes for numerous enzymatic reactions and perform key metabolic functions by mediating the transfer of electrons in biological oxidation-reduction reaction.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

CAS No. : 83-88-5

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Solid + Solvent (Highly Recommended)
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO
ready for reconstitution
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Based on 10 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of Riboflavin:

Riboflavin Related Antibodies

Top Publications Citing Use of Products

    Riboflavin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 Oct 29;16(1):9547.  [Abstract]

    Hep3B and HCCLM3 cells treated with Riboflavin (VB2; 10 µM), Riboflavin phosphate sodium (FMN; 10 µM), Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD; 10 µM), or PBS (Ctrl) for 48 h, followed by CCK-8 assay.

    Riboflavin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 Jan 2;16(1):212.  [Abstract]

    H1299 cells were treated with riboflavin (30 μM) for 48 h, followed by examining the cellular FAD levels.

    Riboflavin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 Aug 16;16(1):7638.  [Abstract]

    Representative images of mouse colon. Mice were gavaged with B. breve or R. gnavus and then treated with BSH inhibitor Riboflavin (100 mg/kg, orally gavaged twice a week) or 7β-HSDH inhibitor UDCA, respectively (n = 7/group).

    Riboflavin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 Jan 2;16(1):212.  [Abstract]

    H1299 cells were treated with riboflavin (30 μM) for 48 h, followed by examining western blot analyses. The samples derive from the same experiment but different gels for GLS1, H3K9me2, GAPDH, and another for c-JUN, MT-CO2 were processed in parallel.

    Riboflavin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 Aug 16;16(1):7638.  [Abstract]

    H&E staining. Mice were gavaged with B. breve or R. gnavus and then treated with BSH inhibitor Riboflavin (100 mg/kg, orally gavaged twice a week) or 7β-HSDH inhibitor UDCA, respectively (n = 7/group).

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    Human Endogenous Metabolite Microbial Metabolite

    • Biological Activity

    • Purity & Documentation

    • References

    • Customer Review

    Description

    Riboflavin, an orally active and easily absorbed micronutrient, is a precursor of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which serve as coenzymes for numerous enzymatic reactions and perform key metabolic functions by mediating the transfer of electrons in biological oxidation-reduction reaction[1].
    IC50 & Target

    Human Endogenous Metabolite

     

    Microbial Metabolite

     

    In Vitro

    Riboflavin (5-50 µM, 24 h) has a strong cytotoxic effect on HL60 cells after UV irradiation that is mediated by apoptosis[2].
    Riboflavin (0.76-48.76 nM, 96 h) increases cell viability and glutathione reductase activity and reduces apoptosis of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner[3].

    MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

    Riboflavin Related Antibodies

    Cell Viability Assay[2]

    Cell Line: HL60 cells
    Concentration: 5-10 µM
    Incubation Time: 24 h
    Result: Didn't affect cell viability with no UV irradiation.

    Western Blot Analysis[2]

    Cell Line: HL60 cells
    Concentration: 5-50 µM
    Incubation Time: 24 h
    Result: Increased the ratio Bax/Bcl2 and decreased the level of inhibitory apoptosis protein type 1 (IAP1).
    Caused overexpression of Fas and FasL.
    Decreased the expression of TNFR1 and TRADD at the concentration of 10-50 µM.
    Inhibited the cell survival relevant kinases phospho-JNK, phospho-MEK, phospho-ERK.
    Increased the expression of p21 and decreased the expression of PCNA, STATs 1 and STATs 2.
    In Vivo

    Riboflavin (10 mg/kg, p.o., daily) promotes the growth of swiss albino mice[4].
    Riboflavin (1-600 mg/kg, p.o., one time) produces antinociceptive, antihyperalgesic, and anti-inflammatory effect in formalin, carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia, and spinal nerve ligation rat models[5].
    Riboflavin (3-100 mg/kg, i.p., one time) inhibits the nociceptive response in a dose-dependent manner in mice model of acetic acid-induced constriction[6].
    Riboflavin (6-12 mg/kg, i.p., one time) decreases the second phase nociceptive response in mice model of formaldehyde-induced[6].

    MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

    Animal Model: Swiss albino mice[4]
    Dosage: 10 mg/kg
    Administration: Oral gavage (p.o.), daily
    Result: Increased the growth rate of pregnant and newbron mice.
    Increased the percent conception and average litter size of pregnant mices.
    Improved the percent zinc absorption in male mices.
    Increased the levels of zinc and iron in organs in male and female mices.
    Increased the percent hemoglobin and the blood zinc value of female mices.
    Animal Model: Female Wistar rats[5]
    Dosage: 1-600 mg/kg
    Administration: Oral gavage (p.o.), one time
    Result: Reduced flinching behavior during phase 2 in formalin-injected mice by doses of 1-50 mg/kg.
    Produced a significant antihyperalgesic effect in carrageenan-injected mice by doses of 6.25-150 mg/kg.
    Reduced carrageenan-induced edema by doses of 50-150 mg/kg.
    Didn’t reduce tactile allodynia in the spinal nerve ligation model by doses of 150-600 mg/kg.
    Clinical Trial
    Molecular Weight

    376.36

    Formula

    C17H20N4O6
    CAS No.
    Appearance

    Solid

    Color

    Light yellow to orange

    SMILES

    O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO)CN1C(C=C(C)C(C)=C2)=C2N=C(C(N3)=O)C1=NC3=O
    Structure Classification
    Initial Source
    Shipping

    Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
    Storage

    4°C, protect from light

    *In solvent : -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months (protect from light)

    Solvent & Solubility
    In Vitro: 

    DMSO : 5.56 mg/mL (14.77 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

    Preparing
    Stock Solutions
    Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
    1 mM 2.6570 mL 13.2852 mL 26.5703 mL
    5 mM 0.5314 mL 2.6570 mL 5.3141 mL
    View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

    * Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
    Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.

    • Molarity Calculator

    • Dilution Calculator

    Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

    Mass
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    Concentration
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    Volume
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    Molecular Weight *

    Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

    This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

    Concentration (start)

    C1

    ×
    Volume (start)

    V1

    =
    Concentration (final)

    C2

    ×
    Volume (final)

    V2

    In Vivo:

    Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

    For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
    To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
    The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

    • Protocol 1

      Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% Saline

      Solubility: ≥ 0.56 mg/mL (1.49 mM); Clear solution

      This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 0.56 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

      Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (5.6 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

      Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
    • Protocol 2

      Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

      Solubility: ≥ 0.56 mg/mL (1.49 mM); Clear solution

      This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 0.56 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

      Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (5.6 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

      Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
    In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
    Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

    Dosage

    mg/kg

    Animal weight
    (per animal)

    g

    Dosing volume
    (per animal)

    μL

    Number of animals

    Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
    Please enter your animal formula composition:
    %
    DMSO +
    % 
    +
    %
    Tween-80 +
    %
    Saline
    Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
    The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
    Calculation results:
    Working solution concentration: mg/mL
    Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL  DMSO (Stock solution concentration: mg/mL).

    *In solvent : -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months (protect from light)

    The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only. If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
    Method for preparing in vivo working solution for animal experiments: Take μL DMSO stock solution, add μL . μL , mix evenly, next add μL Tween 80, mix evenly, then add μL Saline.
     If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.
    Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
    Purity & Documentation

    Purity: 99.89%

    SDS (393 KB)

    COA (256 KB) HNMR (257 KB) RP-HPLC (243 KB)

    Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
    References

    Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

    * Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
    Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.

    Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
    DMSO 1 mM 2.6570 mL 13.2852 mL 26.5703 mL 66.4258 mL
    5 mM 0.5314 mL 2.6570 mL 5.3141 mL 13.2852 mL
    10 mM 0.2657 mL 1.3285 mL 2.6570 mL 6.6426 mL
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    Riboflavin Related Classifications

    Help & FAQs
    • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

      Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

    Keywords:

    Riboflavin83-88-5Vitamin B2 E101Vitamin B 2Vitamin B-2E101E 101E-101Environmental PollutantsBacterialEndogenous MetaboliteEnvironmental ContaminantsFMNFADcoenzymesmetabolicHL60 cellsHepG2 cellsorally activeInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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