2. Immunology/Inflammation Apoptosis Cytoskeleton
  3. Toll-like Receptor (TLR) TNF Receptor Connexin
  4. Zymosan (ZM), 95%

Zymosan (ZM), 95% is a yeast cell wall-derived carbohydrate-rich preparation and immunomodulator. Zymosan (ZM), 95% binds to and activates TLR-2, TLR-4, and Dectin-1 receptor to trigger downstream signaling pathways. Zymosan (ZM), 95% upregulates TLR-2, TLR-4, and TNF-α mRNA expression, increases serum TNF-α levels, and stimulates splenocyte number and viability in mice. Zymosan (ZM), 95% attenuates melanoma growth progression, modulates macrophage marker gene expression, and mediates phagocytosis, ROS generation, and cytokine production. Zymosan (ZM), 95% reduces Connexin 43 protein and mRNA levels, inhibits gap junctional intercellular communication, and induces proinflammatory factor production in human corneal cells. Zymosan (ZM), 95% induces peritoneal inflammation in mice, functions as a drug carrier, and supports fibroblast cell attachment in hydrogel formulations. Zymosan (ZM), 95% can be used for the research of melanoma, tumors, fungal keratitis, ocular surface inflammatory disorders, and peritoneal inflammation.

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Zymosan (ZM), 95%

Zymosan (ZM), 95% Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 9010-72-4

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Other Forms of Zymosan (ZM), 95%:

Zymosan (ZM), 95% Related Antibodies

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Description

Zymosan (ZM), 95% is a yeast cell wall-derived carbohydrate-rich preparation and immunomodulator. Zymosan (ZM), 95% binds to and activates TLR-2, TLR-4, and Dectin-1 receptor to trigger downstream signaling pathways. Zymosan (ZM), 95% upregulates TLR-2, TLR-4, and TNF-α mRNA expression, increases serum TNF-α levels, and stimulates splenocyte number and viability in mice. Zymosan (ZM), 95% attenuates melanoma growth progression, modulates macrophage marker gene expression, and mediates phagocytosis, ROS generation, and cytokine production. Zymosan (ZM), 95% reduces Connexin 43 protein and mRNA levels, inhibits gap junctional intercellular communication, and induces proinflammatory factor production in human corneal cells. Zymosan (ZM), 95% induces peritoneal inflammation in mice, functions as a drug carrier, and supports fibroblast cell attachment in hydrogel formulations. Zymosan (ZM), 95% can be used for the research of melanoma, tumors, fungal keratitis, ocular surface inflammatory disorders, and peritoneal inflammation[1][2][3][4][5][6].

IC50 & Target

TLR4

 

TLR2

 

In Vitro

Zymosan (ZM), 95% (0.01-100 μg/mL; 72 h), enhances the viability and proliferation of mouse splenocytes in a concentration-dependent, bell-shaped curve manner, with the maximal effect observed at the concentration of 1 μg/mL after 72 h of incubation[1].
Zymosan (ZM), 95% (10-100 μg/mL; 24 h), is biocompatible with Raw 264.7 macrophages, and the cell viability remains above 90% after incubation at concentrations of 10-100 μg/mL for 24 h[2].
Zymosan (ZM), 95% (1 mg; 6 h), induces an anti-tumor M1 macrophage phenotype in differentiated human THP-1 macrophages, which is characterized by upregulated gene expression of TNFα, CXCL10 and TLR2, as well as downregulated expression of M2 marker genes, after 6 h of incubation with 1 mg ZM[3].
Zymosan (ZM), 95% (20-600 μg/mL; 24 h), reduces the expression of Cx43 protein in cultured human corneal fibroblasts in a concentration-dependent manner, with 200 μg/mL and 600 μg/mL (for 24 h) inducing 45% and 54% downregulation of expression, respectively[4].
The downregulation of Cx43 protein expression in cultured human corneal fibroblasts induced by 95% Zymosan (ZM) (600 μg/mL; 24 h) can be reversed in a concentration-dependent manner (with a reversal range of 6%-78%) by co-treatment with IKK2 inhibitor IV[4].
Zymosan (ZM), 95% (1-50 μg/mL; 4-24 h), induces concentration- and time-dependent increases in the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and MMPs in primary human corneal epithelial cells, with the peak effect observed at 4 h[5].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Zymosan (ZM), 95% Related Antibodies

Western Blot Analysis[4]

Cell Line: Cultured human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs)
Concentration: 20-600 μg/mL; 20 μg/mL, 60 μg/mL (non-significant)
Incubation Time: 24 h
Result: Induced a concentration-dependent reduction in Cx43 protein expression.
Reduced Cx43 protein levels by 45% relative to untreated controls at 200 μg/mL.
Reduced Cx43 protein levels by 54% relative to untreated controls at 600 μg/mL.
Showed relative Cx43 band intensities of 0.98 and 0.81 for 200 μg/mL and 600 μg/mL zymosan, respectively, compared to 1.78 for untreated controls.

Western Blot Analysis[4]

Cell Line: Cultured human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs)
Concentration: 600 μg/mL (co-treated with PD98059 at 1-10 μmol/L); 600 μg/mL (co-treated with JNK inhibitor II at 3-10 μmol/L)
Incubation Time: 24 h
Result: Attenuated the zymosan-induced reduction in Cx43 protein expression by PD98059 in a concentration-dependent manner: 1 μmol/L PD98059 attenuated the inhibition by 13%, 3 μmol/L by 19%, and 10 μmol/L by 34%.
Attenuated the zymosan-induced reduction in Cx43 protein expression by JNK inhibitor II in a concentration-dependent manner: 3 μmol/L JNK inhibitor II attenuated the inhibition by 20%, and 10 μmol/L by 34%.
Showed relative Cx43 band intensities of 2.12, 2.37, and 3.00 for zymosan plus 1, 3, 10 μmol/L PD98059, respectively, compared to 1.60 for zymosan alone; and 2.55 and 3.12 for zymosan plus 3, 10 μmol/L JNK inhibitor II, respectively, compared to 1.72 for zymosan alone.

Western Blot Analysis[4]

Cell Line: Cultured human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs)
Concentration: 600 μg/mL (co-treated with IKK2 inhibitor IV at 1-10 μmol/L)
Incubation Time: 24 h
Result: Attenuated the zymosan-induced reduction in Cx43 protein expression by IKK2 inhibitor IV in a concentration-dependent manner: 1 μmol/L IKK2 inhibitor IV attenuated the inhibition by 6%, 3 μmol/L by 39%, and 10 μmol/L by 78%.
Showed relative Cx43 band intensities of 0.63, 1.85, and 3.33 for zymosan plus 1, 3, 10 μmol/L IKK2 inhibitor IV, respectively, compared to 0.40 for zymosan alone.
In Vivo

Zymosan (ZM), 95% (i.p.; once daily; for 4 consecutive days at a dose of 10 μg), significantly reduces the melanoma tumor weight of melanoma-bearing C57BL/6 mice by approximately 57%, while upregulating the expressions of TNF-α, TLR-2 and TLR-4 in peritoneal macrophages and increasing the serum TNF-α level[1].
Zymosan (ZM), 95% (10 μg; i.p.; daily; for 4 consecutive days) significantly upregulates the mRNA expression of TNF-α, TLR-2 and TLR-4 in peritoneal macrophages of healthy C57BL/6 mice, and increases their serum TNF-α levels[1].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model: C57BL/6 (female, 6-8 weeks old, average weight 18 g, melanoma induced by subcutaneous injection of 1×106 B16F10 cells)[1]
Dosage: 10 μg
Administration: i.p.; daily; 4 consecutive days
Result: Reduced mean tumor weight to approximately 0.6 g.
Elevated serum TNF-α levels compared to control and untreated melanoma-bearing mice.
Upregulated peritoneal macrophage TNF-α mRNA expression to 12.27-fold relative to control mice.
Upregulated peritoneal macrophage TLR-2 mRNA expression to 3.02-fold relative to control mice.
Increased peritoneal macrophage TLR-4 mRNA expression to 1.11-fold relative to control mice.
Animal Model: C57BL/6 (female, 6-8 weeks old, average weight 18 g)[1]
Dosage: 10 μg
Administration: i.p.; daily; 4 consecutive days
Result: Increased serum TNF-α levels significantly greater than all other groups.
Upregulated peritoneal macrophage TNF-α mRNA expression to 39.85-fold relative to control mice.
Upregulated peritoneal macrophage TLR-2 mRNA expression to 12.95-fold relative to control mice.
Upregulated peritoneal macrophage TLR-4 mRNA expression to 2.18-fold relative to control mice.
CAS No.
Appearance

Solid

Color

White to light yellow

SMILES

[Zymosan (ZM), 95%]
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage
Powder -20°C 3 years
4°C 2 years
In solvent -80°C 6 months
-20°C 1 month
Purity & Documentation

Purity: 96.11%

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COA (243 KB)

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    Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

Keywords:

Zymosan (ZM), 95%9010-72-4Toll-like Receptor (TLR)TNF ReceptorConnexinTumor Necrosis Factor ReceptorTNFRC57BL/6 miceDectin-1 receptorToll-like receptor 4murine splenocytesTNF-αTHP-1 macrophagesToll-like receptor 2human corneal cellsRaw 264.7 macrophage cellsmelanomaInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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