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  5. 3-Nitropropanoic acid

3-Nitropropanoic acid  (Synonyms: β-Nitropropionic acid; Bovinocidin)

Cat. No.: HY-W012875 Purity: 99.94%
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3-Nitropropanoic acid (β-Nitropropionic acid) is an irreversible and orally active inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. 3-Nitropropanoic acid exhibits potent antimycobacterial activity with a MIC value of 3.3 μM. 3-Nitropropanoic acid can induce cell apoptosis.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

CAS No. : 504-88-1

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Customer Review

Based on 4 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of 3-Nitropropanoic acid:

3-Nitropropanoic acid Related Antibodies

Top Publications Citing Use of Products

    3-Nitropropanoic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Aging Cell. 2026 Apr;25(4):e70451.

    SDHA protein expression in CD4+ T cells treated with SDH inhibitor 3‐nitropropionic acid (3NP, 1mM) and cell‐permeable diethyl succinate (DES).

    3-Nitropropanoic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Aging Cell. 2026 Apr;25(4):e70451.

    SDHA protein expression in CD4+ T cells treated with SDH inhibitor 3‐nitropropionic acid (3NP, 1mM) and cell‐permeable diethyl succinate (DES).

    3-Nitropropanoic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Aging Cell. 2026 Apr;25(4):e70451.

    3‐nitropropionic acid (3NP, 1mM). SDH inhibition alleviates Th17 cytokine production in T cells from older adults. A Luminex bioplex assay quantified cytokine production in T cells from older (O) adults ±3NP ± DES.

    • Biological Activity

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    • References

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    Description

    3-Nitropropanoic acid (β-Nitropropionic acid) is an irreversible and orally active inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. 3-Nitropropanoic acid exhibits potent antimycobacterial activity with a MIC value of 3.3 μM. 3-Nitropropanoic acid can induce cell apoptosis[1][2].

    IC50 & Target

    succinate dehydrogenase[1]
    Cellular Effect
    Cell Line Type Value Description References
    HepG2 IC50
    692.5 μM
    Compound: 3-NP
    Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTS assay
    Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTS assay
    		[PMID: 24953953]
    Vero CC50
    < 524.9 μM
    Compound: 3-NP
    Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay
    Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay
    		[PMID: 21840711]
    In Vitro

    3-Nitropropanoic acid (5 mM, 3 h) induces autophagy and disrupts mitochondrial morphology in SH-SY5Y cells[3].
    3-Nitropropanoic acid (5 mM, 24 h) induces oxidative stress and apoptosis of granulosa cells in geese[4].
    3-Nitropropanoic acid (0-15 mM, 48 h) induces cell death in cultured rat hippocampal neurons[5].

    MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

    3-Nitropropanoic acid Related Antibodies

    Western Blot Analysis[4]

    Cell Line: Granulosa cells
    Concentration: 5 mM
    Incubation Time: 24 h
    Result: Increaseed the levels of Bax, p53 and cleaved-Caspase 3 proteins, and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2.
    In Vivo

    3-Nitropropanoic acid (20 mg/kg, i.p., BW/day for 4 days) induces oxidative stress, and increases lipid peroxidation in brain regions of the Wistar rat[6].
    3-Nitropropanoic acid (100-200 mg/kg, i.p.) evokes seizures in mice[7].

    Note:
    Please do not refer to only one article to determine the experimental conditions. It is recommended to determine the optimal experimental conditions (animal strain, age, dosage, frequency and cycle, detection time and indicators, etc.) through preliminary experiments before the formal experiment.

    3-Nitropropionic acid (20 mg/kg, i.p., once daily for 4 days) induces neural oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, evidenced by increased protein carbonyls, lipid peroxidation products, and decreased succinate dehydrogenase activity in the striatum and corte[6].
    3-Nitropropionic acid (5-10 mg/kg, i.p., once daily for 14 days) increases succinate levels in all neuroanatomical regions, decreases taurine and GABA in the majority of brain regions, whereas altered lipid profiles were observed only in the globus pallidus and dorsal striatum[8].
    3-Nitropropionic acid (10 mg/kg, i.p., every 4 days, total 4 times or more) exhibits hyperactivity, reaching a plateau after the third injection day 12 , then showing hypoactivity from the fourth injection day 16 onwards[9].
    3-Nitropropionic acid causes spatial learning deficits, motor abnormalities, reduction in striatal area, enlargement of lateral ventricles, and striatal cell loss[10].

    Induction of Huntington's Disease (HD)[6][8][9][10][11]
    Background
    3-Nitropropionic acid irreversibly inhibits the mitochondrial citric acid cycle and leads to depressed ATP levels and elevated lactate concentrations, leading to impaired oxidative energy metabolism. This ultimately results in a selective striatal degeneration and results in a progressive locomotor deterioration.
    Specific Modeling Methods
    1. Rats: Wistar rats • male • 3-month-old
    Administration: 3-Nitropropanoic acid 20 mg/kg • i.p. • once daily, total 4 days;
    2. Rats: Sprague Dawley rats • male • 16-week-old
    Administration: 3-Nitropropanoic acid 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg • i.p. • once daily, total 14 days (Due to behavioral perturbations, the high dose (10 mg/kg) animals received a reduced dose of 7.5 mg/kg from day three onwards);
    3. Rats: Sprague Dawley rats • male • 8-week-old
    Administration: 3-Nitropropanoic acid 10 mg/kg • i.p. • every 4 days, total 4 times or more;
    4. Rats: Sprague Dawley rats • male • 400-450 g
    Administration: 3-Nitropropanoic acid 750 nmol/side (in 1 μL PBS) • bilateral intrastriatal injection (AP = + 1.5 mm; ML = ± 2.5 mm; DV = - 4.5 mm) • single dose
    Note
    (1) For chronic experiments, especially high-dose groups, the dosage must be adjusted flexibly based on changes in animal weight and behavioral responses. A pre-set fixed dosage may lead to excessively high mortality or model failure due to individual differences.
    (2) The duration of a single injection into each striatum should be strictly controlled to be no less than 2 minutes. After injection, the needle should be left in place for 5 minutes before being slowly withdrawn. This procedure aims to prevent backflow of the medication along the injection path and ensure local deposition of the toxin in the target area.
    Modeling Indicators
    Molecular changes: increased MDA, 4-HDA, protein carbonyls, and superoxide dismutase activity; decreased succinate dehydrogenase activity; decreased NAA and NAAG; decreased GABA and taurine; decreased phosphatidylcholine.
    Histology analysis: striatal cavitation, selective loss of medium spiny neurons, and reactive gliosis, lateral ventricle enlargement.
    Behavioral analysis:hyperactivity (early-stage), hypoactivity (late-stage).

    MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
    Molecular Weight

    119.08

    Formula

    C3H5NO4
    CAS No.
    Appearance

    Solid

    Color

    White to yellow

    SMILES

    O=C(O)CC[N+]([O-])=O
    Structure Classification
    Initial Source

    fungi
    Shipping

    Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
    Storage

    4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture and light

    *In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)

    Solvent & Solubility
    In Vitro: 

    DMSO : 125 mg/mL (1049.71 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

    H2O : 100 mg/mL (839.77 mM; Need ultrasonic)

    Preparing
    Stock Solutions
    Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
    1 mM 8.3977 mL 41.9886 mL 83.9772 mL
    5 mM 1.6795 mL 8.3977 mL 16.7954 mL
    View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

    * Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
    Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

    * Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

    • Molarity Calculator

    • Dilution Calculator

    Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

    Mass
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    Concentration
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    Volume
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    Molecular Weight *

    Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

    This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

    Concentration (start)

    C1

    ×
    Volume (start)

    V1

    =
    Concentration (final)

    C2

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    Volume (final)

    V2

    In Vivo:

    Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

    For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
    To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
    The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

    • Protocol 1

      Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% Saline

      Solubility: ≥ 2.17 mg/mL (18.22 mM); Clear solution

      This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.17 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

      Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (21.7 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

      Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
    • Protocol 2

      Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

      Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (17.47 mM); Clear solution

      This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

      Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

      Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
    In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
    Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

    Dosage

    mg/kg

    Animal weight
    (per animal)

    g

    Dosing volume
    (per animal)

    μL

    Number of animals

    Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
    Calculation results:
    Working solution concentration: mg/mL
    This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
    The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
    Purity & Documentation

    Purity: 99.94%

    SDS (480 KB)

    COA (244 KB) HNMR (251 KB) RP-HPLC (261 KB) MS (73 KB)

    Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
    References

    Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

    * Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
    Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

    Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
    H2O / DMSO 1 mM 8.3977 mL 41.9886 mL 83.9772 mL 209.9429 mL
    5 mM 1.6795 mL 8.3977 mL 16.7954 mL 41.9886 mL
    10 mM 0.8398 mL 4.1989 mL 8.3977 mL 20.9943 mL
    15 mM 0.5598 mL 2.7992 mL 5.5985 mL 13.9962 mL
    20 mM 0.4199 mL 2.0994 mL 4.1989 mL 10.4971 mL
    25 mM 0.3359 mL 1.6795 mL 3.3591 mL 8.3977 mL
    30 mM 0.2799 mL 1.3996 mL 2.7992 mL 6.9981 mL
    40 mM 0.2099 mL 1.0497 mL 2.0994 mL 5.2486 mL
    50 mM 0.1680 mL 0.8398 mL 1.6795 mL 4.1989 mL
    60 mM 0.1400 mL 0.6998 mL 1.3996 mL 3.4990 mL
    80 mM 0.1050 mL 0.5249 mL 1.0497 mL 2.6243 mL
    100 mM 0.0840 mL 0.4199 mL 0.8398 mL 2.0994 mL

    * Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

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    3-Nitropropanoic acid Related Classifications

    Help & FAQs
    • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

      Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

    Keywords:

    3-Nitropropanoic acid504-88-1β-Nitropropionic acid BovinocidinBacterialApoptosisAutophagySH-SY5YinfectionabtibacterialInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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