3-Nitropropanoic acid
Based on 5 publication(s) in Google Scholar
3-Nitropropanoic acid (β-Nitropropionic acid) is an irreversible and orally active inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. 3-Nitropropanoic acid exhibits potent antimycobacterial activity with a MIC value of 3.3 μM. 3-Nitropropanoic acid can induce cell apoptosis.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity: 99.94%
- CAS No.: 504-88-1
- Formula: C3H5NO4
- Molecular Weight:119.08
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Storage:
4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture and light
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Purity & Documentation
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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) 3-Nitropropanoic acid
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Customer Validation & Images
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WB
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Cell Imaging/Staining
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Bio/Physico-chemical Assay
Biological Activity
succinate dehydrogenase[1]
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Cell Line
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Type | Value | Description | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HepG2 | IC50 |
692.5 μM
Compound: 3-NP
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Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTS assay
Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTS assay
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[PMID: 24953953] |
| Vero | CC50 |
<524.9 μM
Compound: 3-NP
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Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay
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[PMID: 21840711] |
3-Nitropropanoic acid (5 mM, 3 h) induces autophagy and disrupts mitochondrial morphology in SH-SY5Y cells[3].
3-Nitropropanoic acid (5 mM, 24 h) induces oxidative stress and apoptosis of granulosa cells in geese[4].
3-Nitropropanoic acid (0-15 mM, 48 h) induces cell death in cultured rat hippocampal neurons[5].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Cell Line:Granulosa cells
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Concentration:5 mM
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Incubation Time:24 h
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Result:Increaseed the levels of Bax, p53 and cleaved-Caspase 3 proteins, and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2.
3-Nitropropanoic acid (100-200 mg/kg, i.p.) evokes seizures in mice[7].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Note:
Please do not refer to only one article to determine the experimental conditions. It is recommended to determine the optimal experimental conditions (animal strain, age, dosage, frequency and cycle, detection time and indicators, etc.) through preliminary experiments before the formal experiment.
3-Nitropropionic acid (20 mg/kg, i.p., once daily for 4 days) induces neural oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, evidenced by increased protein carbonyls, lipid peroxidation products, and decreased succinate dehydrogenase activity in the striatum and corte[6].
3-Nitropropionic acid (5-10 mg/kg, i.p., once daily for 14 days) increases succinate levels in all neuroanatomical regions, decreases taurine and GABA in the majority of brain regions, whereas altered lipid profiles were observed only in the globus pallidus and dorsal striatum[8].
3-Nitropropionic acid (10 mg/kg, i.p., every 4 days, total 4 times or more) exhibits hyperactivity, reaching a plateau after the third injection day 12 , then showing hypoactivity from the fourth injection day 16 onwards[9].
3-Nitropropionic acid causes spatial learning deficits, motor abnormalities, reduction in striatal area, enlargement of lateral ventricles, and striatal cell loss[10].
Administration: 3-Nitropropanoic acid 20 mg/kg • i.p. • once daily, total 4 days;
2. Rats: Sprague Dawley rats • male • 16-week-old
Administration: 3-Nitropropanoic acid 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg • i.p. • once daily, total 14 days (Due to behavioral perturbations, the high dose (10 mg/kg) animals received a reduced dose of 7.5 mg/kg from day three onwards);
3. Rats: Sprague Dawley rats • male • 8-week-old
Administration: 3-Nitropropanoic acid 10 mg/kg • i.p. • every 4 days, total 4 times or more;
4. Rats: Sprague Dawley rats • male • 400-450 g
Administration: 3-Nitropropanoic acid 750 nmol/side (in 1 μL PBS) • bilateral intrastriatal injection (AP = + 1.5 mm; ML = ± 2.5 mm; DV = - 4.5 mm) • single dose
(2) The duration of a single injection into each striatum should be strictly controlled to be no less than 2 minutes. After injection, the needle should be left in place for 5 minutes before being slowly withdrawn. This procedure aims to prevent backflow of the medication along the injection path and ensure local deposition of the toxin in the target area.
Histology analysis: striatal cavitation, selective loss of medium spiny neurons, and reactive gliosis, lateral ventricle enlargement.
Behavioral analysis:hyperactivity (early-stage), hypoactivity (late-stage).
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 504-88-1
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 119.08
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Formula C3H5NO4
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Color White to yellow
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SMILES
O=C(O)CC[N+]([O-])=O
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Synonyms
β-Nitropropionic acid; Bovinocidin
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Structure Classification
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Initial Source
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture and light
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)
Publications (5)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Free Radic Biol Med
APOE4 impairs Nrf2-PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitochondrial clearance through disrupted antioxidant and mitophagy signaling. [Abstract]2025 Nov 21:243:245-259. PMID: 41275935 -
Aging Cell
2026 Apr;25(4):e70451. PMID: 41874464
3-Nitropropanoic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Aging Cell. 2026 Apr;25(4):e70451. [Abstract]
SDHA protein expression in CD4+ T cells treated with SDH inhibitor 3‐nitropropionic acid (3NP, 1mM) and cell‐permeable diethyl succinate (DES).
3-Nitropropanoic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Aging Cell. 2026 Apr;25(4):e70451. [Abstract]
SDHA protein expression in CD4+ T cells treated with SDH inhibitor 3‐nitropropionic acid (3NP, 1mM) and cell‐permeable diethyl succinate (DES).
3-Nitropropanoic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Aging Cell. 2026 Apr;25(4):e70451. [Abstract]
3‐nitropropionic acid (3NP, 1mM). SDH inhibition alleviates Th17 cytokine production in T cells from older adults. A Luminex bioplex assay quantified cytokine production in T cells from older (O) adults ±3NP ± DES.
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Neurotherapeutics
Fibrinogen degradation products exacerbate alpha-synuclein aggregation by inhibiting autophagy via downregulation of Beclin1 in multiple system atrophy. [Abstract]2025 Feb 3:e00538. PMID: 39904669 -
Cell Prolif
Dissection of Mitochondrial Function via Chemical Perturbation and Single-Cell Profiling. [Abstract]2026 Apr 27:e70216. PMID: 42044679 -
Commun Biol
SIRT5-mediated desuccinylation of MTHFD2 enhances chemoresistance in breast cancer cells by reducing therapy-induced senescence. [Abstract]2025 Oct 20;8(1):1485. PMID: 41116031
Solvent & Solubility
DMSO : 125 mg/mL (1049.71 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
H2O : 100 mg/mL (839.77 mM; Need ultrasonic)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.17 mg/mL (18.22 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.17 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (21.7 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (17.47 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (297 KB)
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SDS (480 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Huang LS, et al. 3-nitropropionic acid is a suicide inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration that, upon oxidation by complex II, forms a covalent adduct with a catalytic base arginine in the active site of the enzyme. J Biol Chem. 2006 Mar 3;281(9):5965-72. [Content Brief]
[2]. Chomcheon P, et al. 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA), a potent antimycobacterial agent from endophytic fungi: is 3-NPA in some plants produced by endophytes? J Nat Prod. 2005 Jul;68(7):1103-5. [Content Brief]
[3]. Solesio ME, et al. 3-Nitropropionic acid induces autophagy by forming mitochondrial permeability transition pores rather than activating the mitochondrial fission pathway. Br J Pharmacol. 2013 Jan;168(1):63-75. [Content Brief]
[4]. Kang B, et al. Effect of 3-nitropropionic acid inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis of granulosa cells in geese. Biosci Rep. 2018 Sep 12;38(5):BSR20180274. [Content Brief]
[5]. Pang Z, Geddes JW. Mechanisms of cell death induced by the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid: acute excitotoxic necrosis and delayed apoptosis. J Neurosci. 1997 May 1;17(9):3064-73. [Content Brief]
[6]. Túnez I, et al. Protective effect of melatonin on 3-nitropropionic acid-induced oxidative stress in synaptosomes in an animal model of Huntington's disease. J Pineal Res. 2004 Nov;37(4):252-6. [Content Brief]
[7]. Urbanska EM, et al. A. Mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid evokes seizures in mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 1998 Oct 16;359(1):55-8. [Content Brief]
[8]. Tsang TM, et al. Metabonomic characterization of the 3-nitropropionic acid rat model of Huntington's disease. Neurochem Res. 2009 Jul;34(7):1261-71. [Content Brief]
[9]. Borlongan CV, et al. Hyperactivity and hypoactivity in a rat model of Huntington's disease: the systemic 3-nitropropionic acid model. Brain Res Brain Res Protoc. 1997 Aug;1(3):253-7. [Content Brief]
[10]. Shear DA, et al. Comparison of intrastriatal injections of quinolinic acid and 3-nitropropionic acid for use in animal models of Huntington's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1998 Oct;22(7):1217-40. [Content Brief]
[11]. Túnez I, et al. 3-Nitropropionic acid as a tool to study the mechanisms involved in Huntington's disease: past, present and future. Molecules. 2010 Feb 10;15(2):878-916. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H2O / DMSO | 1 mM | 8.3977 mL | 41.9886 mL | 83.9772 mL | 209.9429 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.6795 mL | 8.3977 mL | 16.7954 mL | 41.9886 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.8398 mL | 4.1989 mL | 8.3977 mL | 20.9943 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.5598 mL | 2.7992 mL | 5.5985 mL | 13.9962 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.4199 mL | 2.0994 mL | 4.1989 mL | 10.4971 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.3359 mL | 1.6795 mL | 3.3591 mL | 8.3977 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.2799 mL | 1.3996 mL | 2.7992 mL | 6.9981 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.2099 mL | 1.0497 mL | 2.0994 mL | 5.2486 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.1680 mL | 0.8398 mL | 1.6795 mL | 4.1989 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.1400 mL | 0.6998 mL | 1.3996 mL | 3.4990 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.1050 mL | 0.5249 mL | 1.0497 mL | 2.6243 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0840 mL | 0.4199 mL | 0.8398 mL | 2.0994 mL |
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
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