Cat. No.: HY-100542

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium

(Synonyms: Disodium (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate)

4 Cited Publications

Customer Review

Based on 4 publication(s) in Google Scholar

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium (Disodium (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate) is the principal metabolite accumulating in neurometabolic disease D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium is a weak competitive antagonist of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and inhibits multiple α-KG-dependent dioxygenases with a K_i of 10.87 mM. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium binds and inhibits ATP synthase and inhibits mTOR signaling.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity: 98.0%
CAS No.: 103404-90-6
Formula: C₅H₆Na₂O₅
Molecular Weight:192.08

Storage:

4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 103404-90-6

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Biological Activity
- Description
- IC₅₀ & Target
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Chemical Information
Publications (4)
Solvent & Solubility
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Protocol
Purity & Documentation
References
Help & FAQs
Classifications
Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

IC₅₀ & Target

Human Endogenous Metabolite

All mTOR Isoforms :

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms :

In Vitro

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid ((R)-2-hydroxyglutarate) accumulates in human cancers carrying neomorphic mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 and 2 genes^[1]^[2].
A partial inhibition of KDM7A toward both H3K9me2 and H3K27me2 peptides is observed in the presence of 50 mM D-2-HG and 100 μM α-ketoglutarate (α-KG). Addition of 300 μM α-KG is capable of reversing the inhibition of Caenorhabditis elegans KDM7A (CeKDM7A) by 50 mM D-2-HG, indicating that D-2-HG is a weak competitive inhibitor against α-KG toward the CeKDM7A demethylase^[1].
D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid is a weak inhibitor of TET hydroxylases. In the presence of 0.1 mM of α-KG, addition of 10 mM D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid results in a partial (33%) inhibition of TET2 and addition of 50 mM D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid results in more inhibition (83%) of TET2. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid exhibits a less pronounced inhibitory effect toward TET1^[1].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

In Vivo

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid strongly inhibits glucose utilization, CO₂ production and the respiratory chain in rat cerebral cortex and human skeletal muscle, as well as in submitochondrial particles from bovine heart, suggesting an impairment of the aerobic metabolism^[5].
D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid has also been proposed as an endogenous excitotoxic organic acid because it significantly decreased cell viability in neuronal cultures from chick embryo telencephalons and from neonatal rat hippocampus through stimulation of specific NMDA glutamate receptors^[5].
D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid (0.01-1 mM) significantly increases chemiluminescence and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS) and decreased total antioxidant reactivity (TAR) values in the cortical supernatants in 30-day-old-rats^[5].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Chemical Information

CAS No. 103404-90-6
Appearance Solid
Molecular Weight 192.08
Formula C₅H₆Na₂O₅
Color White to light yellow
SMILES

O=C(O[Na])[C@H](O)CCC(O[Na])=O
Synonyms

Disodium (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate
Structure Classification
- Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids
Initial Source
- Endogenous metabolite
- Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage

4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)

Publications (4)

All IFBio/Physico-chemical AssayCell Proliferation/Viability AssayCell Imaging/Staining

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Journal Impact Factor

Nat Commun

TRIM37-PARP1-TET1 axis maintains stemness and prevents osteoporosis by inhibiting DNMT1 alternative splicing via 5hmC regulation. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 16;16(1):11420. PMID: 41402268

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 Dec 16;16(1):11420. [Abstract]

Early MSCs were treated with D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium (2-HG) (5 mM) or vehicle control for 3 d, followed byimmunofluorescence assay to determine the 5hmC level, 2-HG treatment decreased the 5hmC level.

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 Dec 16;16(1):11420. [Abstract]

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium(2-HG; 5 mM; 1, 3, 5, 7 days) inhibited cell proliferation in MSCs.

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 Dec 16;16(1):11420. [Abstract]

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium(2-HG; 5 mM; 14 days) suppressed the differentiation into osteoblasts and adipocytes.
Biosensors (Basel)

An Enzymatic Biosensor for the Detection of D-2-Hydroxyglutaric Acid in Serum and Urine. [Abstract]

2022 Jan 25;12(2):66. PMID: 35200327
Research Square Preprint

2024 Apr 19.
Research Square Preprint

2024 Mar 20.

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Research Square Preprint. 2024 Mar 20.

Early MSCs were treated with D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium (2-HG) (5 mM) or vehicle control for 3 d, followed by dot-blot assay.

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

H₂O : 75 mg/mL (390.46 mM; Need ultrasonic)

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

5.2062 mL

26.0308 mL

52.0616 mL

5 mM

1.0412 mL

5.2062 mL

10.4123 mL

10 mM

0.5206 mL

2.6031 mL

5.2062 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Molarity Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

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Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

Dilution Calculator

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In Vivo:

Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:

It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.

The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: PBS

Solubility: 100 mg/mL (520.62 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C

Protocol

Cell Assay^[2]

U87 cells, HCT 116 IDH1(R132H/+) cells, and HEK 293 cells are seeded in 12-well plates and after overnight incubation are treated with indicated concentrations of each compound (e.g., 400 and 800 μM D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid). After harvesting, cells are stained with Acridine Orange (AO) and DAPI. Cell number and viability are measured based on AO and DAPI fluorescence measured by NC3000^[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (279 KB)
SDS (394 KB)
- English - EN (394 KB)
- Français - FR (394 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (394 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (394 KB)
- Español - ES (394 KB)
- Swedish - SV (394 KB)
- Italian - IT (394 KB)
- Korean - KR (394 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (394 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Xu W, et al. Oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate is a competitive inhibitor of α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. Cancer Cell. 2011 Jan 18;19(1):17-30. [Content Brief]

[2]. Fu X, et al. 2-Hydroxyglutarate Inhibits ATP Synthase and mTOR Signaling. Cell Metab. 2015 Sep 1;22(3):508-15. [Content Brief]

[3]. Martijn Kranendijk, et al. Progress in understanding 2-hydroxyglutaric acidurias. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2012 Jul;35(4):571-87. [Content Brief]

[4]. Martin Böttcher, et al. D-2-hydroxyglutarate interferes with HIF-1α stability skewing T-cell metabolism towards oxidative phosphorylation and impairing Th17 polarization. Oncoimmunology. 2018 Mar 26;7(7):e1445454. [Content Brief]

[5]. Alexandra Latini , et al. D-2-hydroxyglutaric acid induces oxidative stress in cerebral cortex of young rats. Eur J Neurosci. 2003 May;17(10):2017-22. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
H₂O	1 mM	5.2062 mL	26.0308 mL	52.0616 mL	130.1541 mL
	5 mM	1.0412 mL	5.2062 mL	10.4123 mL	26.0308 mL
	10 mM	0.5206 mL	2.6031 mL	5.2062 mL	13.0154 mL
	15 mM	0.3471 mL	1.7354 mL	3.4708 mL	8.6769 mL
	20 mM	0.2603 mL	1.3015 mL	2.6031 mL	6.5077 mL
	25 mM	0.2082 mL	1.0412 mL	2.0825 mL	5.2062 mL
	30 mM	0.1735 mL	0.8677 mL	1.7354 mL	4.3385 mL
	40 mM	0.1302 mL	0.6508 mL	1.3015 mL	3.2539 mL
	50 mM	0.1041 mL	0.5206 mL	1.0412 mL	2.6031 mL
	60 mM	0.0868 mL	0.4338 mL	0.8677 mL	2.1692 mL
	80 mM	0.0651 mL	0.3254 mL	0.6508 mL	1.6269 mL
	100 mM	0.0521 mL	0.2603 mL	0.5206 mL	1.3015 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium

4 Cited Publications

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D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium

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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium

All mTOR Isoforms

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms

Biological Activity

Chemical Information

Publications (4)

Solvent & Solubility

Protocol

Purity & Documentation

References

Help & FAQs

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium Related Classifications

HY-100542 Related Classifications