Cat. No.: HY-113038

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid

(Synonyms: (R)-2-Hydroxyglutarate; (R)-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid; (R)-2-Hydroxypentanedioic acid)

4 Cited Publications

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Based on 4 publication(s) in Google Scholar

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid ((R)-2-Hydroxyglutarate) is the principal metabolite accumulating in neurometabolic disease D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid is a weak competitive antagonist of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and inhibits multiple α-KG-dependent dioxygenases with a K_i of 10.87 mM. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid binds and inhibits ATP synthase and inhibits mTOR signaling.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity: 98.0%
CAS No.: 13095-47-1
Formula: C₅H₈O₅
Molecular Weight:148.11

Storage:

Pure form -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 6 months , -20°C, 1 month

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 13095-47-1

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Use of MCE Products

Fluorescent Dye

Strong Fluorescence Signal / Multi-Disciplinary Applications / High Fluorescence Specificity

Biological Activity
- Description
- IC₅₀ & Target
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Chemical Information
Publications (4)
Solvent & Solubility
- In Vitro
Purity & Documentation
References
Help & FAQs
Classifications
Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

IC₅₀ & Target

Microbial Metabolite

Human Endogenous Metabolite

All mTOR Isoforms :

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms :

In Vitro

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid ((R)-2-hydroxyglutarate) accumulates in human cancers carrying neomorphic mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 and 2 genes^[1]^[2].
A partial inhibition of KDM7A toward both H3K9me2 and H3K27me2 peptides is observed in the presence of 50 mM D-2-HG and 100 μM α-ketoglutarate (α-KG). Addition of 300 μM α-KG is capable of reversing the inhibition of Caenorhabditis elegans KDM7A (CeKDM7A) by 50 mM D-2-HG, indicating that D-2-HG is a weak competitive inhibitor against α-KG toward the CeKDM7A demethylase^[1].
D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid is a weak inhibitor of TET hydroxylases. In the presence of 0.1 mM of α-KG, addition of 10 mM D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid results in a partial (33%) inhibition of TET2 and addition of 50 mM D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid results in more inhibition (83%) of TET2. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid exhibits a less pronounced inhibitory effect toward TET1^[1].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

In Vivo

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid strongly inhibits glucose utilization, CO₂ production and the respiratory chain in rat cerebral cortex and human skeletal muscle, as well as in submitochondrial particles from bovine heart, suggesting an impairment of the aerobic metabolism^[5].
D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid has also been proposed as an endogenous excitotoxic organic acid because it significantly decreased cell viability in neuronal cultures from chick embryo telencephalons and from neonatal rat hippocampus through stimulation of specific NMDA glutamate receptors^[5].
D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid (0.01-1 mM) significantly increases chemiluminescence and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS) and decreased total antioxidant reactivity (TAR) values in the cortical supernatants in 30-day-old-rats^[5].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Chemical Information

CAS No. 13095-47-1
Appearance Oil
Molecular Weight 148.11
Formula C₅H₈O₅
Color Colorless to light yellow
SMILES

O=C(O)[C@H](O)CCC(O)=O
Synonyms

(R)-2-Hydroxyglutarate; (R)-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid; (R)-2-Hydroxypentanedioic acid
Structure Classification
- Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids
Initial Source
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

Pure form	-20°C	3 years
	4°C	2 years
In solvent	-80°C	6 months
	-20°C	1 month

Publications (4)

All IFBio/Physico-chemical AssayCell Proliferation/Viability AssayCell Imaging/Staining

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Journal Impact Factor

Nat Commun

TRIM37-PARP1-TET1 axis maintains stemness and prevents osteoporosis by inhibiting DNMT1 alternative splicing via 5hmC regulation. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 16;16(1):11420. PMID: 41402268

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 Dec 16;16(1):11420. [Abstract]

Early MSCs were treated with D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium (2-HG) (5 mM) or vehicle control for 3 d, followed byimmunofluorescence assay to determine the 5hmC level, 2-HG treatment decreased the 5hmC level.

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 Dec 16;16(1):11420. [Abstract]

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium(2-HG; 5 mM; 1, 3, 5, 7 days) inhibited cell proliferation in MSCs.

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 Dec 16;16(1):11420. [Abstract]

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium(2-HG; 5 mM; 14 days) suppressed the differentiation into osteoblasts and adipocytes.
Biosensors (Basel)

An Enzymatic Biosensor for the Detection of D-2-Hydroxyglutaric Acid in Serum and Urine. [Abstract]

2022 Jan 25;12(2):66. PMID: 35200327
Research Square Preprint

2024 Apr 19.
Research Square Preprint

2024 Mar 20.

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Research Square Preprint. 2024 Mar 20.

Early MSCs were treated with D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium (2-HG) (5 mM) or vehicle control for 3 d, followed by dot-blot assay.

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

H₂O : ≥ 100 mg/mL (675.17 mM)

DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (675.17 mM; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

* "≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

6.7517 mL

33.7587 mL

67.5174 mL

5 mM

1.3503 mL

6.7517 mL

13.5035 mL

10 mM

0.6752 mL

3.3759 mL

6.7517 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Molarity Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

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Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (275 KB)
SDS (394 KB)
- English - EN (394 KB)
- Français - FR (394 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (394 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (394 KB)
- Español - ES (394 KB)
- Swedish - SV (394 KB)
- Italian - IT (394 KB)
- Korean - KR (394 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (394 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Xu W, et al. Oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate is a competitive inhibitor of α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. Cancer Cell. 2011 Jan 18;19(1):17-30. [Content Brief]

[2]. Fu X, et al. 2-Hydroxyglutarate Inhibits ATP Synthase and mTOR Signaling. Cell Metab. 2015 Sep 1;22(3):508-15. [Content Brief]

[3]. Martijn Kranendijk, et al. Progress in understanding 2-hydroxyglutaric acidurias. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2012 Jul;35(4):571-87. [Content Brief]

[4]. Martin Böttcher, et al. D-2-hydroxyglutarate interferes with HIF-1α stability skewing T-cell metabolism towards oxidative phosphorylation and impairing Th17 polarization. Oncoimmunology. 2018 Mar 26;7(7):e1445454. [Content Brief]

[5]. Alexandra Latini , et al. D-2-hydroxyglutaric acid induces oxidative stress in cerebral cortex of young rats. Eur J Neurosci. 2003 May;17(10):2017-22. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
H₂O / DMSO	1 mM	6.7517 mL	33.7587 mL	67.5174 mL	168.7935 mL
	5 mM	1.3503 mL	6.7517 mL	13.5035 mL	33.7587 mL
	10 mM	0.6752 mL	3.3759 mL	6.7517 mL	16.8793 mL
	15 mM	0.4501 mL	2.2506 mL	4.5012 mL	11.2529 mL
	20 mM	0.3376 mL	1.6879 mL	3.3759 mL	8.4397 mL
	25 mM	0.2701 mL	1.3503 mL	2.7007 mL	6.7517 mL
	30 mM	0.2251 mL	1.1253 mL	2.2506 mL	5.6264 mL
	40 mM	0.1688 mL	0.8440 mL	1.6879 mL	4.2198 mL
	50 mM	0.1350 mL	0.6752 mL	1.3503 mL	3.3759 mL
	60 mM	0.1125 mL	0.5626 mL	1.1253 mL	2.8132 mL
	80 mM	0.0844 mL	0.4220 mL	0.8440 mL	2.1099 mL
	100 mM	0.0675 mL	0.3376 mL	0.6752 mL	1.6879 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid

4 Cited Publications

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D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid

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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid

All mTOR Isoforms

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms

Biological Activity

Chemical Information

Publications (4)

Solvent & Solubility

Purity & Documentation

References

Help & FAQs

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid Related Classifications

HY-113038 Related Classifications