2. Immunology/Inflammation NF-κB Metabolic Enzyme/Protease Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel PI3K/Akt/mTOR
  3. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) ATP Synthase mTOR Endogenous Metabolite
  4. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid  (Synonyms: (R)-2-Hydroxyglutarate; (R)-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid; (R)-2-Hydroxypentanedioic acid)

Cat. No.: HY-113038 Purity: 98.0%
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D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid ((R)-2-Hydroxyglutarate) is the principal metabolite accumulating in neurometabolic disease D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid is a weak competitive antagonist of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and inhibits multiple α-KG-dependent dioxygenases with a Ki of 10.87 mM. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid binds and inhibits ATP synthase and inhibits mTOR signaling.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

CAS No. : 13095-47-1

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Oil + Solvent (Highly Recommended)
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO
ready for reconstitution
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10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO In-stock
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Customer Review

Based on 4 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid:

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid Related Antibodies

Top Publications Citing Use of Products
IF
Bio/Physico-chemical Assay
Cell Proliferation/Viability Assay
Cell Imaging/Staining

    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 Dec 16;16(1):11420.  [Abstract]

    Early MSCs were treated with D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium (2-HG) (5 mM) or vehicle control for 3 d, followed byimmunofluorescence assay to determine the 5hmC level, 2-HG treatment decreased the 5hmC level.

    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 Dec 16;16(1):11420.  [Abstract]

    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium(2-HG; 5 mM; 1, 3, 5, 7 days) inhibited cell proliferation in MSCs.

    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 Dec 16;16(1):11420.  [Abstract]

    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium(2-HG; 5 mM; 14 days) suppressed the differentiation into osteoblasts and adipocytes.

    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Research Square Preprint. 2024 Mar 20.

    Early MSCs were treated with D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium (2-HG) (5 mM) or vehicle control for 3 d, followed by dot-blot assay.

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    Description

    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid ((R)-2-Hydroxyglutarate) is the principal metabolite accumulating in neurometabolic disease D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid is a weak competitive antagonist of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and inhibits multiple α-KG-dependent dioxygenases with a Ki of 10.87 mM. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid binds and inhibits ATP synthase and inhibits mTOR signaling[1][2][3][4][5].

    IC50 & Target

    Microbial Metabolite

     

    Human Endogenous Metabolite

     

    In Vitro

    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid ((R)-2-hydroxyglutarate) accumulates in human cancers carrying neomorphic mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 and 2 genes[1][2].
    A partial inhibition of KDM7A toward both H3K9me2 and H3K27me2 peptides is observed in the presence of 50 mM D-2-HG and 100 μM α-ketoglutarate (α-KG). Addition of 300 μM α-KG is capable of reversing the inhibition of Caenorhabditis elegans KDM7A (CeKDM7A) by 50 mM D-2-HG, indicating that D-2-HG is a weak competitive inhibitor against α-KG toward the CeKDM7A demethylase[1].
    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid is a weak inhibitor of TET hydroxylases. In the presence of 0.1 mM of α-KG, addition of 10 mM D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid results in a partial (33%) inhibition of TET2 and addition of 50 mM D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid results in more inhibition (83%) of TET2. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid exhibits a less pronounced inhibitory effect toward TET1[1].

    MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid Related Antibodies
    In Vivo

    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid strongly inhibits glucose utilization, CO2 production and the respiratory chain in rat cerebral cortex and human skeletal muscle, as well as in submitochondrial particles from bovine heart, suggesting an impairment of the aerobic metabolism[5].
    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid has also been proposed as an endogenous excitotoxic organic acid because it significantly decreased cell viability in neuronal cultures from chick embryo telencephalons and from neonatal rat hippocampus through stimulation of specific NMDA glutamate receptors[5].
    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid (0.01-1 mM) significantly increases chemiluminescence and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS) and decreased total antioxidant reactivity (TAR) values in the cortical supernatants in 30-day-old-rats[5].

    MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
    Molecular Weight

    148.11

    Formula

    C5H8O5
    CAS No.
    Appearance

    Oil

    Color

    Colorless to light yellow

    SMILES

    O=C(O)[C@H](O)CCC(O)=O
    Structure Classification
    Initial Source
    Shipping

    Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
    Storage
    Pure form -20°C 3 years
    4°C 2 years
    In solvent -80°C 6 months
    -20°C 1 month
    Solvent & Solubility
    In Vitro: 

    H2O : 200 mg/mL (1350.35 mM; Need ultrasonic)

    DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (675.17 mM; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

    *"≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.

    Preparing
    Stock Solutions
    Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
    1 mM 6.7517 mL 33.7587 mL 67.5174 mL
    5 mM 1.3503 mL 6.7517 mL 13.5035 mL
    View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

    * Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
    Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

    * Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

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    Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

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    This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

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    In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
    Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

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    Working solution concentration: mg/mL
    This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
    The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
    Purity & Documentation

    Purity: 98.0%

    SDS (393 KB)

    COA (245 KB) HNMR (198 KB) MS (70 KB)

    Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
    References

    Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

    * Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
    Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

    Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
    DMSO / H2O 1 mM 6.7517 mL 33.7587 mL 67.5174 mL 168.7935 mL
    5 mM 1.3503 mL 6.7517 mL 13.5035 mL 33.7587 mL
    10 mM 0.6752 mL 3.3759 mL 6.7517 mL 16.8793 mL
    15 mM 0.4501 mL 2.2506 mL 4.5012 mL 11.2529 mL
    20 mM 0.3376 mL 1.6879 mL 3.3759 mL 8.4397 mL
    25 mM 0.2701 mL 1.3503 mL 2.7007 mL 6.7517 mL
    30 mM 0.2251 mL 1.1253 mL 2.2506 mL 5.6264 mL
    40 mM 0.1688 mL 0.8440 mL 1.6879 mL 4.2198 mL
    50 mM 0.1350 mL 0.6752 mL 1.3503 mL 3.3759 mL
    60 mM 0.1125 mL 0.5626 mL 1.1253 mL 2.8132 mL
    80 mM 0.0844 mL 0.4220 mL 0.8440 mL 2.1099 mL
    100 mM 0.0675 mL 0.3376 mL 0.6752 mL 1.6879 mL

    * Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

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    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid Related Classifications

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      Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

    Keywords:

    D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid13095-47-1(R)-2-Hydroxyglutarate (R)-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid (R)-2-Hydroxypentanedioic acidReactive Oxygen Species (ROS)ATP SynthasemTOREndogenous MetaboliteMammalian target of RapamycinCeKDM7Aα-ketoglutarateH3K9me2H3K27me2competitorIDH1IDH25-methlycytosineexcitotoxicneurotoxicInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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