Milrinone
Based on 33 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Milrinone is a PDE3 inhibitor, and also an inotrope and vasodilator.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity: 99.86%
- CAS No.: 78415-72-2
- Formula: C12H9N3O
- Molecular Weight:211.22
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Storage:Powder -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 6 months , -20°C, 1 month
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
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- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Milrinone
More- Science. 2022 Nov 18;378(6621):eabq7361. [Abstract]
- Sci Bull. 2025 Aug 11:S2095-9273(25)00813-8. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2026 Mar 18. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2026 Feb 12;17(1):2681. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Jul 18:e05570. [Abstract]
- EMBO Mol Med. 2021 Dec 7;13(12):e14887. [Abstract]
- Sci Total Environ. 2021 Sep 20:788:147792. [Abstract]
- Cell Rep. 2023 Dec 6;42(12):113531. [Abstract]
- J Environ Sci. 2025 Sep 26.
- EMBO Rep. 2025 Jul 28. [Abstract]
- J Agric Food Chem. 2022 Dec 14;70(49):15570-15582. [Abstract]
- Hum Reprod. 2025 Sep 1;40(9):1773-1785. [Abstract]
- Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 May 6:298:118264. [Abstract]
- Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2024 Jul 15:280:116559. [Abstract]
- Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2024 Apr 15:275:116264. [Abstract]
- Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2022 Sep 1:242:113921. [Abstract]
- Hum Reprod. 2022 Jul 30;37(8):1932-1944. [Abstract]
- Genetics. 2021 Jun 24;218(2):iyab054. [Abstract]
- Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Dec 24;24(1):320. [Abstract]
- BMC Biol. 2025 Feb 6;23(1):37. [Abstract]
- FASEB J. 2025 Jul 31;39(14):e70846. [Abstract]
- Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2024 May 9;1870(6):167228. [Abstract]
- FASEB J. 2022 Jun;36(6):e22357. [Abstract]
- J Cell Physiol. 2019 Aug;234(8):14339-14350. [Abstract]
- Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res. 2020 Oct;1867(10):118766. [Abstract]
- Mol Hum Reprod. 2025 May 5:gaaf009. [Abstract]
- Hum Mol Genet. 2019 Oct 15;28(20):3422-3430. [Abstract]
- J Assist Reprod Genet. 2020 Mar;37(3):657-667. [Abstract]
- Platelets. 2023 Dec;34(1):2173505. [Abstract]
- PLoS One. 2020 Oct 20;15(10):e0240844. [Abstract]
- bioRxiv. 2026 Jan 6.
- Patent. US20230111925A1.
- bioRxiv. 2020 Jun.
Customer Validation & Images
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Cell Imaging/Staining
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IF
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Cell Imaging/Staining
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Cell Proliferation/Viability Assay
Biological Activity
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PDE3 |
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Cell Line
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Type | Value | Description | References |
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| HT-29 | IC50 |
>50 μM
Compound: Milrinone
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Growth inhibition of human HT-29 cells after 72 hrs by luminescent assay
Growth inhibition of human HT-29 cells after 72 hrs by luminescent assay
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[PMID: 19628397] |
| Platelet | IC50 |
11 μM
Compound: Milrinone
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Antiplatelet activity against collagen ADP-induced platelet aggregation in human plasma preincubated for 2 mins before addition of inducer by turbidimetric method
Antiplatelet activity against collagen ADP-induced platelet aggregation in human plasma preincubated for 2 mins before addition of inducer by turbidimetric method
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[PMID: 23425969] |
| Platelet | IC50 |
12 μM
Compound: Milrinone
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Antiplatelet activity against collagen collagen-induced platelet aggregation in human plasma preincubated for 2 mins before addition of inducer by turbidimetric method
Antiplatelet activity against collagen collagen-induced platelet aggregation in human plasma preincubated for 2 mins before addition of inducer by turbidimetric method
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[PMID: 23425969] |
| Platelet | IC50 |
14 μM
Compound: Milrinone
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Antiplatelet activity against collagen A23187-induced platelet aggregation in human plasma preincubated for 2 mins before addition of inducer by turbidimetric method
Antiplatelet activity against collagen A23187-induced platelet aggregation in human plasma preincubated for 2 mins before addition of inducer by turbidimetric method
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[PMID: 23425969] |
| Platelet | IC50 |
38.5 μM
Compound: Milrinone
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Antiplatelet activity against human platelet assessed as inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation
Antiplatelet activity against human platelet assessed as inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation
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[PMID: 20880705] |
| Platelet | IC50 |
4.7 μM
Compound: milrinone
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Inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation in human platelets after 5 mins by turbidimetric method
Inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation in human platelets after 5 mins by turbidimetric method
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[PMID: 18031002] |
Milrinone (1 μM) increases PKA activity in hypoxic myocytes to normoxic levels. Milrinone (50 nM) normalizes TP receptor sensitivity in hypoxic myocytes by restoring PKA-mediated regulatory TP receptor phosphorylation[1]. Milrinone significantly reduces NE-induced vasoconstriction, attenuating both NE sensitivity and maximal tension generation. Inhibition of ATP-sensitive K+ channels or voltage-gated K+ channels do not prevent the milrinone-induced attenuation of NE responses[4].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 78415-72-2
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 211.22
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Formula C12H9N3O
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Color White to off-white
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SMILES
CC(N1)=C(C2=CC=NC=C2)C=C(C#N)C1=O
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Synonyms
Win 47203
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Publications (33)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Science
2022 Nov 18;378(6621):eabq7361. PMID: 36395215 -
Sci Bull
2025 Aug 11:S2095-9273(25)00813-8. PMID: 40903356 -
Nat Commun
Maternal obesity disrupts epigenetic reprogramming via peroxisomal-dependent phospholipid-methyl uncoupling during zygotic genome activation. [Abstract]2026 Mar 18. PMID: 41851092 -
Nat Commun
2026 Feb 12;17(1):2681. PMID: 41680151 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
The Critical Role of Enhanced OXPHOS and Mitochondrial Hyperpolarization in Simulated Microgravity-Induced Oocyte Maturation Arrest. [Abstract]2025 Jul 18:e05570. PMID: 40679065 -
EMBO Mol Med
Biallelic mutations in MOS cause female infertility characterized by human early embryonic arrest and fragmentation. [Abstract]2021 Dec 7;13(12):e14887. PMID: 34779126
Milrinone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: EMBO Mol Med. 2021 Dec 7;13(12):e14887. [Abstract]
GV oocytes were cultured in M2 medium with Milrinone (2.5 µM; 24 h) to prevent oocyte from undergoing germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD).
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Sci Total Environ
Maternal Zearalenone exposure impacted ovarian follicle formation and development of suckled offspring. [Abstract]2021 Sep 20:788:147792. PMID: 34134368 -
Cell Rep
NLRP14 deficiency causes female infertility with oocyte maturation defects and early embryonic arrest by impairing cytoplasmic UHRF1 abundance. [Abstract]2023 Dec 6;42(12):113531. PMID: 38060382
Milrinone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Rep. 2023 Dec 6;42(12):113531. [Abstract]
GV oocytes were cultured in M2 medium with Milrinone (2.5 mM; 24 h) for mRNA translation. Immunofluorescent staining showed expression of FLAG (green) and UHRF1 (red) in oocytes after injection of NC (control) and different NLRP14 mRNAs. The relative expression level of UHRF1 was measured.
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EMBO Rep
The E3 ubiquitin ligase adaptor KLHL8 targets ZAR1 to regulate maternal mRNA degradation in oocytes. [Abstract]2025 Jul 28. PMID: 40721554
Milrinone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: EMBO Rep. 2025 Jul 28. [Abstract]
The GV oocytes from WT and Klhl8oo−/− female mice were cultured in M2 medium with Milrinone (2.5 μM) after Klhl8 mRNA microinjection (1000 ng/μL). Representative images of GV oocytes and maturation oocytes from WT and Klhl8oo−/− mice with or without Klhl8 mRNA injection were shown.
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J Agric Food Chem
Maternal Zearalenone Exposure Affects Gut Microbiota and Follicular Development in Suckled Offspring. [Abstract]2022 Dec 14;70(49):15570-15582. PMID: 36514903
Milrinone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Agric Food Chem. 2022 Dec 14;70(49):15570-15582. [Abstract]
The ovaries of mice were minced, and the naked oocytes (germinal vesicle (GV) stage) were removed under the microscope and washed three times in M2 medium containing 1/1000 Milrinone (2.5 μM).
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Hum Reprod
Pathogenic variants in DLGAP5 cause female infertility characterized by oocyte maturation arrest and embryonic arrest. [Abstract]2025 Sep 1;40(9):1773-1785. PMID: 40639803 -
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
VigorBaby dietary supplement administration to mice during pregnancy and lactation alleviated ovarian disorders induced by Zearalenone in offsprings. [Abstract]2025 May 6:298:118264. PMID: 40334536 -
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
Melatonin improves mouse oocyte quality from 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate-induced toxicity by enhancing mitochondrial function. [Abstract]2024 Jul 15:280:116559. PMID: 38865937 -
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
Nicotinamide mononucleotide maintains cytoskeletal stability and fortifies mitochondrial function to mitigate oocyte damage induced by Triocresyl phosphate. [Abstract]2024 Apr 15:275:116264. PMID: 38564869 -
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
1-Nitropyrene exposure induces mitochondria dysfunction and impairs oocyte maturation in mice. [Abstract]2022 Sep 1:242:113921. PMID: 35908531 -
Hum Reprod
2022 Jul 30;37(8):1932-1944. PMID: 35670744 -
Genetics
Double-strand breaks induce short-scale DNA replication and damage amplification in the fully grown mouse oocytes. [Abstract]2021 Jun 24;218(2):iyab054. PMID: 33792683 -
Int J Mol Sci
Salicylate Sodium Suppresses Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Production by Directly Inhibiting Phosphodiesterase 3B in TNF-α-Stimulated Adipocytes. [Abstract]2022 Dec 24;24(1):320. PMID: 36613764 -
BMC Biol
CDK1 mediates the metabolic regulation of DNA double-strand break repair in metaphase II oocytes. [Abstract]2025 Feb 6;23(1):37. PMID: 39915808 -
FASEB J
Reverse Effects of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Supplementation on Declining Quality of Oocytes With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. [Abstract]2025 Jul 31;39(14):e70846. PMID: 40678956 -
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis
Loss of function variant in CIP2A associated with female infertility with early embryonic arrest and fragmentation. [Abstract]2024 May 9;1870(6):167228. PMID: 38734318 -
FASEB J
2022 Jun;36(6):e22357. PMID: 35593531 -
J Cell Physiol
2019 Aug;234(8):14339-14350. PMID: 30633354 -
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res
Amlexanox exerts anti-inflammatory actions by targeting phosphodiesterase 4B in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. [Abstract]2020 Oct;1867(10):118766. PMID: 32504661 -
Mol Hum Reprod
Single-cell metabolomics reveals that bisphosphoglycerate mutase influences oocyte maturation through glucose metabolism. [Abstract]2025 May 5:gaaf009. PMID: 40323314 -
Hum Mol Genet
The repair of endo/exogenous DNA double-strand breaks and its effects on meiotic chromosome segregation in oocytes. [Abstract]2019 Oct 15;28(20):3422-3430. PMID: 31384951 -
J Assist Reprod Genet
ADAMTS1 and HSPG2 mRNA levels in cumulus cells are related to human oocyte quality and controlled ovarian hyperstimulation outcomes. [Abstract]2020 Mar;37(3):657-667. PMID: 31974739 -
Platelets
2023 Dec;34(1):2173505. PMID: 36813739 -
PLoS One
Cruciform DNA in mouse growing oocytes: Its dynamics and its relationship with DNA transcription. [Abstract]2020 Oct 20;15(10):e0240844. PMID: 33079963 -
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Solvent & Solubility
DMSO : 50 mg/mL (236.72 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.75 mg/mL (13.02 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.75 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (27.5 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
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%DMSO +
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
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%+
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+%Tween-80 + +
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%Saline +
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO. Stock solution concentration: mg/mL.
1. Take μL DMSO stock solution;
2. Add μL .
μL , mix evenly;
3. Then add μL Tween 80, mix evenly;
4. Then add μL
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Protocol
In juvenile rats of 100 ± 8 g body weight (bw), CHF is induced by supracoronary aortic banding. In brief, rats are anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (87 mg/kg bw) and xylazine (13 mg/kg bw). Rats are placed in the supine position, the chest wall is shaved, and a left thoracotomy is performed in the third intercostal space during ventilation with 100% O2. The ascending aorta is freed from connective tissue and partially occluded by implantation of a titanium clip with a defined internal diameter of 0.8 mm. After surgical closure of the thorax, the rats are allowed to recover from anesthesia. For postoperative analgesia, rats receive 250 mg/kg bw of metamizole intramuscularly immediately after the operation and on the first postoperative day. Sham-operated rats serve as controls. After recovery from anesthesia, the animals are placed in cages with free access to water and standard laboratory diet. For inhalation, milrinone (0.2-5 mg/mL) or NaCl (0.9%) are nebulized using an ultrasonic nebulizer and inhaled for 3 min at identical peak inspiratory pressures as used throughout the experiment. A 3-min nebulization of 1 mg/mL milrinone results in vaporization of 14 μg of the phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitor as determined by microgravimetry. Therefore, the respective dose of 39 μg/kg is analog to inhaled doses in human studies. For intravenous delivery, milrinone (initial bolus of 2-10 μg/kg, followed by 0.2-1 μg/kg/min) or equivalent volumes of NaCl (0.9%; initial bolus of 1.6 mL/kg, followed by 10 μL/kg/h) are administered by an infusion pump for 10 min.
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (280 KB)
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SDS (479 KB)
- English - EN (479 KB)
- Français - FR (479 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (479 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (479 KB)
- Español - ES (479 KB)
- Swedish - SV (479 KB)
- Italian - IT (479 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (479 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Santhosh KT, et al. Milrinone attenuates thromboxane receptor-mediated hyperresponsiveness in hypoxic pulmonary arterial myocytes. Br J Pharmacol. 2011 Jul;163(6):1223-36. [Content Brief]
[2]. Hentschel T, et al. Inhalation of the phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitor milrinone attenuates pulmonary hypertension in a rat model of congestive heart failure. Anesthesiology. 2007 Jan;106(1):124-31. [Content Brief]
[3]. Kishi T, et al. Effects of milrinone on left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relationship of rat hearts in situ. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2001 Sep;28(9):737-42. [Content Brief]
[4]. Taylor MS, et al. Effect of milrinone on small mesenteric artery vasoconstriction: role of K(+) channels. Am J Physiol. 1999 Jul;277(1 Pt 1):G69-78. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO | 1 mM | 4.7344 mL | 23.6720 mL | 47.3440 mL | 118.3600 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.9469 mL | 4.7344 mL | 9.4688 mL | 23.6720 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4734 mL | 2.3672 mL | 4.7344 mL | 11.8360 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.3156 mL | 1.5781 mL | 3.1563 mL | 7.8907 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.2367 mL | 1.1836 mL | 2.3672 mL | 5.9180 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.1894 mL | 0.9469 mL | 1.8938 mL | 4.7344 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.1578 mL | 0.7891 mL | 1.5781 mL | 3.9453 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.1184 mL | 0.5918 mL | 1.1836 mL | 2.9590 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0947 mL | 0.4734 mL | 0.9469 mL | 2.3672 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0789 mL | 0.3945 mL | 0.7891 mL | 1.9727 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0592 mL | 0.2959 mL | 0.5918 mL | 1.4795 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0473 mL | 0.2367 mL | 0.4734 mL | 1.1836 mL |
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