DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3D

Definition:

DNA deaminase (cytidine deaminase) which acts as an inhibitor of retrovirus replication and retrotransposon mobility via deaminase-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Exhibits antiviral activity against HIV-1. After the penetration of retroviral nucleocapsids into target cells of infection and the initiation of reverse transcription, it can induce the conversion of cytosine to uracil in the minus-sense single-strand viral DNA, leading to G-to-A hypermutations in the subsequent plus-strand viral DNA. The resultant detrimental levels of mutations in the proviral genome, along with a deamination-independent mechanism that works prior to the proviral integration, together exert efficient antiretroviral effects in infected target cells. Selectively targets single-stranded DNA and does not deaminate double-stranded DNA or single- or double-stranded RNA. Inhibits also the mobility of LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons.; (Microbial infection) Enhances hepatitis B virus/HBV replication by excluding restriction factors APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G from HBV capsids.

References:

[1]. Roberto Mariani, et al. Species-specific exclusion of APOBEC3G from HIV-1 virions by Vif. Cell. 2003 Jul 11;114(1):21-31. [Content Brief]

[2]. Mark D Stenglein, et al. APOBEC3 proteins mediate the clearance of foreign DNA from human cells. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2010 Feb;17(2):222-9. [Content Brief]

[3]. Ying Dang, et al. Identification of APOBEC3DE as another antiretroviral factor from the human APOBEC family. J Virol. 2006 Nov;80(21):10522-33. [Content Brief]

[4]. Mohamed S Bouzidi, et al. APOBEC3DE Antagonizes Hepatitis B Virus Restriction Factors APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G. J Mol Biol. 2016 Aug 28;428(17):3514-28. [Content Brief]

[5]. Eric W Refsland, et al. Endogenous origins of HIV-1 G-to-A hypermutation and restriction in the nonpermissive T cell line CEM2n. PLoS Pathog. 2012;8(7):e1002800. [Content Brief]

[6]. Chawaree Chaipan, et al. APOBEC3G restricts HIV-1 to a greater extent than APOBEC3F and APOBEC3DE in human primary CD4+ T cells and macrophages. J Virol. 2013 Jan;87(1):444-53. [Content Brief]

[7]. Weizi Liang, et al. APOBEC3DE Inhibits LINE-1 Retrotransposition by Interacting with ORF1p and Influencing LINE Reverse Transcriptase Activity. PLoS One. 2016 Jul 18;11(7):e0157220. [Content Brief]

[8]. Judd F Hultquist, et al. Human and rhesus APOBEC3D, APOBEC3F, APOBEC3G, and APOBEC3H demonstrate a conserved capacity to restrict Vif-deficient HIV-1. J Virol. 2011 Nov;85(21):11220-34. [Content Brief]

[9]. Kieran Gillick, et al. Suppression of HIV-1 infection by APOBEC3 proteins in primary human CD4(+) T cells is associated with inhibition of processive reverse transcription as well as excessive cytidine deamination. J Virol. 2013 Feb;87(3):1508-17. [Content Brief]

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