Art. -Nr.: HY-B1248

Chlorhexidine

13 Cited Publications

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Based on 13 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Chlorhexidine is a orally active cationic antimicrobial agent that targets microbial cell membranes. Chlorhexidine binds to cell membrane phospholipids non-specifically, destroys membrane structure and induces leakage of cell contents. Chlorhexidine has broad-spectrum bactericidal activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Chlorhexidine can interfere with membrane permeability, cause protein precipitation and energy metabolism disorders, such as rapid inhibition of microbial growth and induction of cell death (necrosis or apoptosis).

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Reinheit: 99.60%
CAS. Nr.: 55-56-1
Formel: C₂₂H₃₀Cl₂N₁₀
Molecular Weight:505.45

Speicherung:

4°C, protect from light

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light)

Chlorhexidine Chemical Structure

CAS. Nr.: 55-56-1

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Biologische Aktivität
- Beschreibung
- Cellular Effect
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Chemical Information
Publications (13)
Lösungsmittel & Löslichkeit
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Reinheit & Dokumentation
Verweise
Help & FAQs
Classifications
Bioz

Biologische Aktivität

Beschreibung

Alle Antibiotic Isoform-spezifische Produkte anzeigen :

Cellular Effect

Cell Line	Type	Value	Description	References
Fibroblast	CC₅₀	6.32 μg/mL Compound: Chlorohexidine	Cytotoxicity against human skin fibroblasts assessed as cell viability measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human skin fibroblasts assessed as cell viability measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 33385851]
HEK293	CC₅₀	7.28 μg/mL Compound: Chlorohexidine	Cytotoxicity against human HEK293 cells assessed as cell viability measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HEK293 cells assessed as cell viability measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 33385851]
HEK293	IC₅₀	0.21 μM Compound: chlorhexidine	Inhibition of human OCT1-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 3 mins by fluorescence assay Inhibition of human OCT1-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 3 mins by fluorescence assay	[PMID: 23241029]
HEK293	IC₅₀	0.4 μM Compound: chlorhexidine	Inhibition of human OCT2-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 3 mins by fluorescence assay Inhibition of human OCT2-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 3 mins by fluorescence assay	[PMID: 23241029]
HEK293	IC₅₀	0.41 μM Compound: chlorhexidine	Inhibition of human OCT3-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 3 mins by fluorescence assay Inhibition of human OCT3-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 3 mins by fluorescence assay	[PMID: 23241029]
HEK293	IC₅₀	0.5 μM Compound: chlorhexidine	Inhibition of human MATE2K-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 1.5 mins by fluorescence assay Inhibition of human MATE2K-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 1.5 mins by fluorescence assay	[PMID: 23241029]
HEK293	IC₅₀	0.7 μM Compound: chlorhexidine	Inhibition of human MATE1-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 1.5 mins by fluorescence assay Inhibition of human MATE1-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 1.5 mins by fluorescence assay	[PMID: 23241029]
HSF (VGS)	CC₅₀	5.48 μg/mL Compound: Chlorhexidine	Cytotoxicity against human HSF cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HSF cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 33310546]
HT-22	IC₅₀	5.6 μM Compound: 34	Cytotoxicity against mouse HT-22 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 48 hrs by MTS assay Cytotoxicity against mouse HT-22 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 48 hrs by MTS assay	[PMID: 36876904]

In Vitro

1. Cell death assay:
Chlorhexidine (0.000125%-0.016%; 24 h) induces cell death in L929 fibroblasts, inducing a pattern of cell necrosis and/or apoptosis, as well as cell stress. Furthermore, Chlorhexidine induces apoptosis at lower concentrations and necrosis at higher concentrations, and increases the expression of heat shock protein 70 (a marker of cell stress). Chlorhexidine may have an adverse effect on the resolution of apical periodontitis^[1].
2. Cell viability experiment:
Chlorhexidine (0.0005%-0.5%; 30 min) causes the death of canine embryonic fibroblasts with concentration of ≥0.013%, while allows the cells to survive with concentration of ≤0.006%^[2].
3. Bacterial survival experiment:
Chlorhexidine (0.0005%-0.5%; 30 min) has a concentration-dependent bactericidal effect on Staphylococcus aureus, and kills Staphylococcus aureus with concentration of ≥0.05%, while allows the bacteria to survive with concentration of ≤0.03%^[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Cell Viability Assay^[3]

Cell Line:

Canine embryonic fibroblasts
Concentration:

0.5%, 0.05%, 0.03%, 0.013%, 0.006%, 0.005%, 0.0005%
Incubation Time:

30 min
Result:

Fibroblasts showed 0% survival at concentrations ≥0.013%, while concentrations ≤0.006% allowed significant survival (e.g., 74% survival at 0.0005%), indicating a concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect.

In Vivo

1. Paw injection toxicity test:
Chlorhexidine (0.125%-1.0%; subcutaneous injection; single dose) causes toxic effects in the plantar space of the hind paw of Balb/c mice. Concentrations ≥0.5% induces coagulative necrosis of the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissues and neutrophil-dominated inflammatory responses, while concentrations ≤0.25% induces moderate inflammation and interstitial edema^[1].
2. Lung inhalation toxicity test:
Chlorhexidine (0.125%-1%; intratracheal instillation; single dose; 8-week observation) causes collagen fiber deposition and inflammatory cell infiltration in lung tissue in the C57BL/6J mouse model, leading to restrictive ventilation dysfunction. Transcriptome analysis shows that genes related to extracellular matrix deposition and mucus secretion (such as Muc5b and Muc5ac) are upregulated^[3].
3. Genetic toxicity test:
Chlorhexidine (0.12% Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride, 0.5 mL; oral, twice a day for 8 days) causes DNA damage in peripheral blood and oral mucosal cells of rats, without causing chromosome breakage or loss in erythrocytes^[4].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model:

Male Balb/c mice (4 weeks old, 20 g), paw subplantar injection model^[1]
Dosage:

0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0% Chlorhexidine in distilled water
Administration:

Subplantar injection into the right hind paw, single dose, observed at 24 h, 48 h, 7 days, and 14 days
Result:

At 0.5% and 1.0%, caused extensive coagulative necrosis in the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue, associated with marked neutrophilic inflammation and edema at 24-48 h; 0.25% induced focal necrosis in few specimens and moderate inflammation in all; 0.125% caused no necrosis but moderate neutrophilic inflammation and edema.
Epidermal healing was complete by 7-14 days, with residual mononuclear cell infiltration and fibrous tissue thickening in high-dose groups.

Animal Model:

C57BL/6J mice (6-8 weeks old), intratracheal instillation-induced lung injury model^[2]
Dosage:

0.125% (2.5 mg/kg), 0.25% (5 mg/kg), 0.5% (10 mg/kg), 1% (20 mg/kg) Chlorhexidine gluconate in RO water
Administration:

Single intratracheal instillation via MicroSprayer Aerosolizer, observed for 8 weeks
Result:

Led to dose-dependent lung tissue damage, including inflammatory cell infiltration, alveolar protein deposition, and airway epithelial cell exfoliation.
Increased collagen fiber deposition in the alveolar septum and bronchial stroma, with significantly higher lung organ coefficients in high-dose groups.
Decreased respiratory system compliance (Crs) and forced vital capacity (FVC), indicating restrictive ventilatory dysfunction.
Upregulated genes related to extracellular matrix organization (e.g., P4ha3) and mucus secretion (e.g., Muc5b, Muc5ac).

Chemical Information

CAS. Nr. 55-56-1
Appearance Solid
Molecular Weight 505.45
Formel C₂₂H₃₀Cl₂N₁₀
Color White to off-white
SMILES

N=C(NC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1)NC(NCCCCCCNC(NC(NC2=CC=C(Cl)C=C2)=N)=N)=N
Versand

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Speicherung

4°C, protect from light

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light)

Publications (13)

All WB

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Journal Impact Factor

Nat Commun

The folate cycle enzyme MTHFD2 induces cancer immune evasion through PD-L1 up-regulation. [Abstract]

2021 Mar 29;12(1):1940. PMID: 33782411
Cell Death Dis

HJURP regulates cell proliferation and chemo-resistance via YAP1/NDRG1 transcriptional axis in triple-negative breast cancer. [Abstract]

2022 Apr 22;13(4):396. PMID: 35459269
Antioxidants (Basel)

Pitavastatin Calcium Confers Fungicidal Properties to Fluconazole by Inhibiting Ubiquinone Biosynthesis and Generating Reactive Oxygen Species. [Abstract]

2024 May 29;13(6):667. PMID: 38929106
Dent Mater

Triple-modified PEEK surface via plasma treatment, polydopamine coating and chlorhexidine: Assessment of biocompatibility and antibacterial properties. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 17:S0109-5641(25)00607-4. PMID: 40251086
Cell Oncol (Dordr)

UBE2Q2 promotes tumor progression and glycolysis of hepatocellular carcinoma through NF-κB/HIF1α signal pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Jun;48(3):637-654. PMID: 39833608
Mol Oncol

Loss of RDM1 enhances hepatocellular carcinoma progression via p53 and Ras/Raf/ERK pathways. [Abstract]

2020 Feb;14(2):373-386. PMID: 31670863
Front Cell Dev Biol

SYVN1-MTR4-MAT2A Signaling Axis Regulates Methionine Metabolism in Glioma Cells. [Abstract]

2021 Mar 30:9:633259. PMID: 33859984
Transl Oncol

20-hydroxyecdysone suppresses bladder cancer progression via inhibiting USP21: A mechanism associated with deubiquitination and degradation of p65. [Abstract]

2024 Jul:45:101958. PMID: 38663220
J Funct Foods

2024 Jun.
Cell Signal

pVHL promotes lysosomal degradation of YAP in lung adenocarcinoma. [Abstract]

2021 Jul:83:110002. PMID: 33823241
Genes (Basel)

Autosomal Recessive Retinitis Pigmentosa Associated with Three Novel REEP6 Variants in Chinese Population. [Abstract]

2021 Apr 7;12(4):537. PMID: 33917198
Biochem Biophys Res Commun

Mechanisms of NMDA receptor inhibition by chlorhexidine and alexidine. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 17:796:153158. PMID: 41418346
bioRxiv

2024 Nov 06.

Lösungsmittel & Löslichkeit

In Vitro:

DMSO : 25 mg/mL (49.46 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

1.9784 mL

9.8922 mL

19.7843 mL

5 mM

0.3957 mL

1.9784 mL

3.9569 mL

10 mM

0.1978 mL

0.9892 mL

1.9784 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

Molaritätsrechner

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass Mass

Konzentration Konzentration

Volumen Volumen

Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

Verdünnungsrechner

Konzentration _{(Stammlösung)} × Volumen _{(Stammlösung)} = Konzentration _{(Ziellösung)} × Volumen _{(Ziellösung)}

Konzentration _{(Stammlösung)} Konzentration _{(Stammlösung)}

Volumen _{(Stammlösung)} Volumen _{(Stammlösung)}

Konzentration _{(Ziellösung)} Konzentration _{(Ziellösung)}

Volumen _{(Ziellösung)} Volumen _{(Ziellösung)}

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

Stock Solution Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.95 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.95 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

Protocol 3

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.95 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage Dosage
mg/kg
Animal Weight (Per Animal) Animal Weight (Per Animal)
g
Dosing Volume (Per Animal) Dosing Volume (Per Animal)
μL
Number of Animals Number of Animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Please enter your animal formula composition:

%
DMSO +

Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
%
+
+
%
Tween-80 + +
%
Saline +

The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).

Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL

Reinheit & Dokumentation

Select Batch:

Reinheit: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (276 KB)
SDS (562 KB)
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COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

Verweise

[1]. Faria G, et al. Evaluation of chlorhexidine toxicity injected in the paw of mice and added to cultured l929 fibroblasts. J Endod. 2007 Jun;33(6):715-22. [Content Brief]

[2]. Zhang J, et al. Pulmonary Toxicity Assessment after a Single Intratracheal Inhalation of Chlorhexidine Aerosol in Mice. Toxics. 2023 Nov 7;11(11):910. [Content Brief]

[3]. Sanchez IR, et al. Chlorhexidine diacetate and povidone-iodine cytotoxicity to canine embryonic fibroblasts and Staphylococcus aureus. Vet Surg. 1988;17(4):182-185. [Content Brief]

[4]. Ribeiro DA, et al. Chlorhexidine induces DNA damage in rat peripheral leukocytes and oral mucosal cells. J Periodontal Res. 2004 Oct;39(5):358-61. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
DMSO	1 mM	1.9784 mL	9.8922 mL	19.7844 mL	49.4609 mL
	5 mM	0.3957 mL	1.9784 mL	3.9569 mL	9.8922 mL
	10 mM	0.1978 mL	0.9892 mL	1.9784 mL	4.9461 mL
	15 mM	0.1319 mL	0.6595 mL	1.3190 mL	3.2974 mL
	20 mM	0.0989 mL	0.4946 mL	0.9892 mL	2.4730 mL
	25 mM	0.0791 mL	0.3957 mL	0.7914 mL	1.9784 mL
	30 mM	0.0659 mL	0.3297 mL	0.6595 mL	1.6487 mL
	40 mM	0.0495 mL	0.2473 mL	0.4946 mL	1.2365 mL

Keywords

Chlorhexidine

13 Cited Publications

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Chlorhexidine

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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Chlorhexidine

Alle Antibiotic Isoform-spezifische Produkte anzeigen

Biologische Aktivität

Chemical Information

Publications (13)

Lösungsmittel & Löslichkeit

Reinheit & Dokumentation

Verweise

Help & FAQs

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Chlorhexidine Related Classifications

Art. -Nr.: HY-B1248