Chlorhexidine acetate hydrate
Based on 11 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Chlorhexidine acetate hydrate is a orally active cationic antimicrobial agent that targets microbial cell membranes. Chlorhexidine acetate hydrate binds to cell membrane phospholipids non-specifically, destroys membrane structure and induces leakage of cell contents. Chlorhexidine acetate hydrate has broad-spectrum bactericidal activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Chlorhexidine acetate hydrate can interfere with membrane permeability, cause protein precipitation and energy metabolism disorders, such as rapid inhibition of microbial growth and induction of cell death (necrosis or apoptosis).
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- CAS No.: 206986-79-0
- Formula: C22H30Cl2N10.2C2H4O2.xH2O
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Storage:
Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.
Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Chlorhexidine acetate hydrate
More- Nat Commun. 2021 Mar 29;12(1):1940. [Abstract]
- Cell Death Dis. 2022 Apr 22;13(4):396. [Abstract]
- Antioxidants (Basel). 2024 May 29;13(6):667. [Abstract]
- Cell Oncol (Dordr). 2025 Jun;48(3):637-654. [Abstract]
- Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 Mar 30:9:633259. [Abstract]
- Transl Oncol. 2024 Jul:45:101958. [Abstract]
- Cell Signal. 2021 Jul:83:110002. [Abstract]
- Mol Oncol. 2020 Feb;14(2):373-386. [Abstract]
- J Funct Foods. 2024 Jun.
- Genes (Basel). 2021 Apr 7;12(4):537. [Abstract]
- bioRxiv. 2024 Nov 06.
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WB
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Biological Activity
1. Cell death assay:
Chlorhexidine acetate hydrate (0.000125%-0.016%; 24 h) induces cell death in L929 fibroblasts, inducing a pattern of cell necrosis and/or apoptosis, as well as cell stress. Furthermore, Chlorhexidine acetate hydrate induces apoptosis at lower concentrations and necrosis at higher concentrations, and increases the expression of heat shock protein 70 (a marker of cell stress). Chlorhexidine acetate hydrate may have an adverse effect on the resolution of apical periodontitis[1].
2. Cell viability experiment:
Chlorhexidine acetate hydrate (0.0005%-0.5%; 30 min) causes the death of canine embryonic fibroblasts with concentration of ≥0.013%, while allows the cells to survive with concentration of ≤0.006%[2].
3. Bacterial survival experiment:
Chlorhexidine acetate hydrate (0.0005%-0.5%; 30 min) has a concentration-dependent bactericidal effect on Staphylococcus aureus, and kills Staphylococcus aureus with concentration of ≥0.05%, while allows the bacteria to survive with concentration of ≤0.03%[2].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Chlorhexidine (0.125%-1.0%; subcutaneous injection; single dose) acetate hydrate causes toxic effects in the plantar space of the hind paw of Balb/c mice. Concentrations ≥0.5% induces coagulative necrosis of the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissues and neutrophil-dominated inflammatory responses, while concentrations ≤0.25% induces moderate inflammation and interstitial edema[1].
2. Lung inhalation toxicity test:
Chlorhexidine (0.125%-1%; intratracheal instillation; single dose; 8-week observation) acetate hydrate causes collagen fiber deposition and inflammatory cell infiltration in lung tissue in the C57BL/6J mouse model, leading to restrictive ventilation dysfunction. Transcriptome analysis shows that genes related to extracellular matrix deposition and mucus secretion (such as Muc5b and Muc5ac) are upregulated[3].
3. Genetic toxicity test:
0.12% Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride (0.5 mL; oral, twice a day for 8 days) causes DNA damage in peripheral blood and oral mucosal cells of rats, without causing chromosome breakage or loss in erythrocytes[4].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Animal Model:One hundred and eighty male Imprinting Control Region (ICR) mice at 6 to8-wk-old (body weight, 25 ± 3 g) were randomized to six groups[1].
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Dosage:Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.05%, and Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.025%.
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Administration:One-time intraperitoneal injection.
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Result:A total of 48 mice (26.7%) developed postoperative intra-abdominal abscesses. Mice that had Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.05% lavage had significantly lower incidence of postoperative intra-abdominal abscesses compared with that of group D mice that had saline lavage only (P = 0.0113). Microscopic peritoneal fibrosis occurred significantly more among group E mice that had Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.05% lavage compared with group D mice that had saline lavage only (P = < 0.005).
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 206986-79-0
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Formula C22H30Cl2N10.2C2H4O2.xH2O
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SMILES
N=C(NC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1)NC(NCCCCCCNC(NC(NC2=CC=C(Cl)C=C2)=N)=N)=N.CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O.[x].O
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.
Publications (11)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Nat Commun
The folate cycle enzyme MTHFD2 induces cancer immune evasion through PD-L1 up-regulation. [Abstract]2021 Mar 29;12(1):1940. PMID: 33782411 -
Cell Death Dis
HJURP regulates cell proliferation and chemo-resistance via YAP1/NDRG1 transcriptional axis in triple-negative breast cancer. [Abstract]2022 Apr 22;13(4):396. PMID: 35459269 -
Antioxidants (Basel)
Pitavastatin Calcium Confers Fungicidal Properties to Fluconazole by Inhibiting Ubiquinone Biosynthesis and Generating Reactive Oxygen Species. [Abstract]2024 May 29;13(6):667. PMID: 38929106 -
Cell Oncol (Dordr)
UBE2Q2 promotes tumor progression and glycolysis of hepatocellular carcinoma through NF-κB/HIF1α signal pathway. [Abstract]2025 Jun;48(3):637-654. PMID: 39833608 -
Front Cell Dev Biol
2021 Mar 30:9:633259. PMID: 33859984 -
Transl Oncol
20-hydroxyecdysone suppresses bladder cancer progression via inhibiting USP21: A mechanism associated with deubiquitination and degradation of p65. [Abstract]2024 Jul:45:101958. PMID: 38663220 -
Cell Signal
2021 Jul:83:110002. PMID: 33823241 -
Mol Oncol
Loss of RDM1 enhances hepatocellular carcinoma progression via p53 and Ras/Raf/ERK pathways. [Abstract]2020 Feb;14(2):373-386. PMID: 31670863 -
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Genes (Basel)
Autosomal Recessive Retinitis Pigmentosa Associated with Three Novel REEP6 Variants in Chinese Population. [Abstract]2021 Apr 7;12(4):537. PMID: 33917198 -
Purity & Documentation
References
[1]. Faria G, et al. Evaluation of chlorhexidine toxicity injected in the paw of mice and added to cultured l929 fibroblasts. J Endod. 2007 Jun;33(6):715-22. [Content Brief]
[2]. Sanchez IR, et al. Chlorhexidine diacetate and povidone-iodine cytotoxicity to canine embryonic fibroblasts and Staphylococcus aureus. Vet Surg. 1988;17(4):182-185. [Content Brief]
[3]. Zhang J, et al. Pulmonary Toxicity Assessment after a Single Intratracheal Inhalation of Chlorhexidine Aerosol in Mice. Toxics. 2023 Nov 7;11(11):910. [Content Brief]
[4]. Ribeiro DA, et al. Chlorhexidine induces DNA damage in rat peripheral leukocytes and oral mucosal cells. J Periodontal Res. 2004 Oct;39(5):358-61. [Content Brief]
Calculators
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)