Reducing Sugars

D-Mannose is a C-2 superpolymer of glucose that occurs naturally in many plants and fruits. D-Mannose has anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity. D-Mannose plays an important role in immune regulation.

D-Fructose 6-phosphate disodium is an endogenous metabolite. D-Fructose 6-phosphate disodium can be obtained by hydrolysis of Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase). D-Fructose-6-phosphate disodium is a sugar intermediate in the glycolysis pathway and the pentose phosphate pathway. D-Fructose-6-phosphate disodium can be used to detect glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase and TAL activities. D-Fructose 6-phosphate disodium can be used to study Lewy body dementia.

Xylose (D-(+)-Xylose) is a natural pentose sugar that is catalyzed by xylose isomerase to form xylulose, which is a key step in the anaerobic ethanol fermentation of Xylose. Xylose can be used by microorganisms to produce fuels, chemicals, and bulk industrial enzymes. Xylose provides the substances and energy for cells, as a carbon source for the biosynthesis of high-value chemicals and biofuel. Xylose can be used to fully explore lignocellulose resources and provide a new direction for microbia fermentation.

D-Xylulose 5-phosphate sodium is a pentose phosphate ester and an essential intermediate metabolite in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway. D-xylulose-5-phosphate sodium can be efficiently synthesized through the phosphorylation of D-xylulose catalyzed by D-xylulokinase (XKS1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae), with ATP regeneration facilitated by the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)/pyruvate kinase (PK) system.

D-Fructose (D(-)-Fructose) is a monosaccharide found in honey, fruits, and other plants. Two D-Fructose molecules can combine to form a disaccharide, sucrose.

Sedoheptulose is a heptulose. Sedoheptulose, in the form of phosphate esters, functions as a metabolic intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway. Sedoheptulose serves as a starting material for the chemical synthesis of pseudoaminosugars and chiral substituted furans.

3-Deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate is produced by the condensation of D-erythrose 4-phosphate with phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), catalyzed by 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAH 7-P) synthase (phe).

Fosfructose trisodium (Diphosphofructose trisodium, Esafosfan trisodium, FDP trisodium) is a cytoprotective natural sugar phosphate used in research on cardiovascular ischemia, sickle cell anemia, and asthma. Fosfructose trisodium acts by stimulating anaerobic glycolysis, which produces adenosine triphosphate under ischemic conditions.

Fosfructose is an orally active cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor and Toll-like receptor 4 modulator. Fosfructose reduces the expression of cyclooxygenase-2, thereby decreasing prostaglandin production. By inhibiting the Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway, Fosfructose downregulates LPS-induced adhesion molecule expression. Fosfructose is applicable to research related to ischemic stroke, epilepsy, sepsis, myocardial injury, osteoporosis, and ultraviolet B-induced skin damage.

D-psicose is an orally active rare sugar. D-psicose inhibits p38-MAPK phosphorylation and MCP-1 expression. D-psicose inhibits the AGEs/RAGE/NF-κB pathway. D-psicose protects pancreatic β-islets, improves hyperglycemia and high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

D-Glucuronic acid is a major component of many anti-inflammatory proteoglycans, which can promote embryonic development and inhibit cell aggregation. After being metabolized into ethyl glucuronide (HY-113093), D-Glucuronic acid activates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), causing pain. D-Glucuronic acid and its derivative glucurono-lactone can serve as liver detoxifiers, and its derivatives also possess anti-tumor activity.

D-Erythrose is a four-carbon sugar classified as an aldose. D-Erythrose has unique chemical properties that make it an important intermediate in various metabolic pathways, especially in the biosynthesis of amino acids and nucleotides. It also plays a role in the pentose phosphate pathway, which generates reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions and cellular defense against oxidative damage.

D-Tagatose (D-(-)-Tagatose) is a natural low-calorie rare sugar. D-Tagatose inhibits the activities of sucrase, maltase and intestinal disaccharidases, reduces the digestion of sucrose and starch, and blocks the absorption of sucrose, maltose and glucose. D-Tagatose promotes glucokinase activity and inhibits glycogen phosphorylase activity via tagatose-1-phosphate, regulates the synthesis and decomposition of hepatic glycogen, reduces postprandial and fasting blood glucose levels, and improves hyperinsulinemia. D-Tagatose regulates lipid profiles, stimulates GLP-1 secretion, and exhibits prebiotic effects. D-Tagatose is a bulking sweetener. D-Tagatose can be used in research related to diabetes, hyperlipidemia, dental caries, atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes.

D-Mannuronic acid sodium is a uronic acid monosaccharide that is frequently utilized in alginate manufacturing. D-Mannuronic acid can be used for the study of cancer.

D-Mannoheptulose is a 7-carbon keto sugar found in avocado. D-mannoheptulose is a specific inhibitor of D-glucose phosphorylation by hexokinase isoenzymes. D-Mannoheptulose can block insulin release and utilization of carbohydrate in rat. D-Mannoheptulose has various functions as anti-oxidants, anticancer effects and energy sources.

D-Glucuronic acid lactone (D-Glucurono-6,3-lactone; D-Glucurono-γ-lactone; D-Glucuronolactone; Dicurone; Glucoxy; Glucurolactone; Glucurone) is an endogenous metabolite and a glucuronic acid derivative. D-Glucuronic acid lactone serves as a starting reagent for the synthesis of 2,3,4-tris (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) glucuronic acid trichloroethyl ester, which is used to prepare 1-O-acyl glucuronic acids for the anti-inflammatory agent mL-3000 (HY-B1452), synthesize optically active glucuronic acids, and produce long-chain alkyl glucuronides. D-Glucuronic acid lactone shows potential for use in studies of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS).

D-Glucal is an organic compound belonging to the family of aldoses, which are monosaccharides containing an aldehyde functional group. It has a six-carbon structure and is derived from glucose by oxidation of the primary alcohol group at carbon 1 to an aldehyde group. D-Glucal is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water and has a sweet taste. It is an important intermediate in the chemical synthesis of a wide variety of compounds, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and natural products. D-Glucal can be converted into other carbohydrate derivatives such as glycosides, glycoconjugates and amino sugars. It also plays a role in the study of carbohydrate chemistry, where it is used as a chiral building block for the synthesis of complex structures.

D-xylulose is a precursor of the pentiol D-arabitol.

D-Fructose 1-phosphate disodium is a key intermediate metabolite in the fructose metabolic pathway. As a key signaling molecule linking fructose metabolism and glucose metabolic regulation, D-Fructose 1-phosphate disodium acts as an allosteric modulator to counteract the inhibitory effect of the glucokinase-regulatory protein complex, thereby finely regulating the direction of hepatic glucose metabolism at the substrate level.

D-Sedoheptulose-7-phosphate barium is a common precursor for the heptoses of septacidin (group III) and hygromycin B (group IV). D-Sedoheptulose-7-phosphate barium can be converted to NDP-heptoses through similar biosynthetic pathways in those compounds .