Multiprotein Complexes and Disease

Inflammasomes & Inflammatory Diseases

Inflammasomes, first identified in 2002, are signaling platforms that mediate pathological inflammation and tissue damage.

cGAS-STING Pathway: Biology, Activation, And Signaling

The cGAS-STING pathway detects double-stranded DNA in inappropriate cellular locations and converts it into innate immune signaling.

UPEC, Antimicrobial Resistance, And Vaccine Targets

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli is the leading cause of community urinary tract infection, although Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, and Candida also contribute in specific settings.

Macromolecular Anti-Inflammatory Therapy Platforms And Mechanisms

Macromolecular anti-inflammatory platforms use polymers, proteins, conjugates, hydrogels, or nanoparticles to change where, when, and how an active agent is delivered.

Autophagy And TFEB In TB Immunity

Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent pathway that can restrict intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis while maintaining macrophage homeostasis.

MIF Axis In Cardiovascular Inflammation

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor, or MIF, is a pleiotropic cytokine with atypical chemokine activity that links leukocyte recruitment to cardiovascular inflammation.

Cell-Specific Inflammatory Signaling Regulation For Precision Therapy

Inflammatory disease is produced by signaling networks that differ across cell types even when patients share a clinical diagnosis.

Inhibitory Immune Receptors And Targeted Inflammation Therapy

Inhibitory immune receptors set activation thresholds and prevent protective inflammation from becoming destructive.

Applications And Challenges Of cfDNA Fragmentomics

Cell-free DNA fragmentomics extracts biological information from the physical patterns of circulating DNA rather than relying only on nucleotide variants.

Lipid Mediators Drive Allergic Inflammatory Responses

Lipid mediators are rapidly generated signaling molecules that translate membrane phospholipid metabolism into allergic inflammation.

The Core Of Inflammatory Stress: The Apoptosome, Inflammasome, And PIDDosome

The apoptosome, inflammasome, and PIDDosome are supramolecular caspase-activation platforms that translate cellular stress into apoptosis, inflammation, cell-cycle control, or differentiation.

Significance Of Cytokine Polymerization And Its Association With Disease Progression

“Cytokine polymerization” is not a standardized umbrella mechanism in current inflammation biology.

Pathological Targets and Proteinopathies in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Pathological deposits do not reveal causal species.

Brain Assembloids: Constructing Human Neural Circuits In Vitro

Brain assembloids are three-dimensional human cell systems created by joining regionally specified neural organoids, sometimes with muscle or other tissue, so that cells can migrate, extend axons, form synapses, and build an interregional circuit in vitro.

Linear Ubiquitination in the Regulation of Cell Death and Disease

Linear ubiquitination is the covalent assembly of ubiquitin chains through the amino-terminal methionine, producing Met1-linked chains that differ structurally and functionally from lysine-linked ubiquitin.

Membrane Contact Sites Mediate Organelle Interactions and Cancer Progression

Membrane contact sites are nanoscale regions where two organelles are closely apposed without membrane fusion, allowing lipids, calcium, metabolites, and signals to pass through organized protein assemblies.

Inflammasome Pathways Overview

Inflammasomes are cytosolic multiprotein platforms that convert microbial or cellular danger detection into inflammatory caspase activation, IL-1β and IL-18 maturation, and often gasdermin-dependent pyroptosis.

Pyroptosis, PANoptosis, and Immunity

Pyroptosis is a lytic inflammatory death program executed by gasdermin pores, whereas PANoptosis describes coordinated inflammatory death with pyroptotic, apoptotic, and necroptotic components that cannot be explained by any one pathway alone.

Crosstalk and Interconnection Between Cell Death Pathways

Regulated cell-death pathways were initially organized as separate modules defined by characteristic morphology and core effectors.

Changes in Cell Polarity Reveal Cancer Progression

Cell polarity is the organized distribution of cellular structures and functions along a defined axis.

Spatial joint analysis of methylome and transcriptome

Spatial joint analysis of the methylome and transcriptome measures DNA methylation and RNA expression while retaining each measurement's position in intact tissue.

Chemical-assisted techniques and applications for appearance modification

'Epigenetic modification' refers to the use of chemical methods to assist in modifying observable cellular states or phenotypes by targeting epigenetic regulatory mechanisms.

Epigenetic regulation mediates the three-dimensional genome and cellular memory

The three-dimensional genome describes the non-random folding of chromosomes inside the nucleus, whereas cellular memory denotes the persistence of a regulatory state after the initiating signal has disappeared or through cell division.

Epigenome Editing: Mechanistic Exploration and Disease Applications

Epigenome editing uses programmable DNA-binding systems to deposit, remove, or recruit regulatory marks at selected genomic loci without changing the underlying nucleotide sequence.

Multimodal Notch signaling mediates development and disease.

Notch is an evolutionarily conserved, contact-dependent signaling system that controls cell-fate decisions, tissue patterning, stem-cell maintenance, and adult homeostasis.

Functional Mechanisms of Pseudouridylation and Disease Therapy

Pseudouridylation converts uridine to pseudouridine through rotation of the uracil base and formation of a carbon-carbon glycosidic bond.

Transcriptional condensates mediate the integration of temporal signals.

Transcriptional condensates are dynamic, high-concentration assemblies of transcription factors, coactivators, RNA polymerase II, chromatin, and RNA at active regulatory loci.

Microbial Viral Diversity and Applications of Viromics

Viromics applies culture-independent sequencing and computational analysis to viral communities associated with hosts or environments.

Epigenetics of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (NENs)

Neuroendocrine neoplasms comprise well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas arising in several organs.

RNA-Directed DNA Methylation and Metabolism

RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) is the major small-RNA-guided pathway that establishes cytosine methylation in plants.

Mechanisms of Coordinated DNA Methylation Regulation

Coordinated DNA methylation regulation creates cell-type-specific patterns by integrating de novo methylation, maintenance methylation, active and passive demethylation, chromatin context, transcription-factor occupancy, and replication timing.

Cancer Epigenetic Plasticity and CRISPR/dCas9 Editing

Cancer epigenetic plasticity is the capacity of malignant cells to adopt reversible transcriptional states that alter differentiation, invasion, immune recognition, and drug response.

Deciphering the diverse chemical modifications of DNA and chromatin.

DNA and chromatin carry a layered set of covalent modifications that regulate genome use without altering most nucleotide sequences.

Cancer Epigenetics: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Strategies

Cancer epigenetics studies heritable or persistent changes in gene regulation that do not require alteration of the underlying DNA sequence.

Frontiers in Cancer Suppression: Targeting Super-Enhancer-Driven Oncogenic Transcription

Super-enhancers are extended clusters of enhancers with unusually dense occupancy by lineage-defining transcription factors, Mediator, BRD4, and active histone marks.

Mechanisms of nucleosome sliding and exchange associated with chromatin remodeling

Nucleosome sliding and exchange are ATP-dependent routes by which chromatin remodelers alter the physical accessibility of DNA without changing its sequence.

Common Epigenetic Factors and Mechanisms

Epigenetics comprises regulatory mechanisms that alter gene activity and cellular phenotype without changing the underlying DNA sequence.

Reprogrammable epigenetic memory

Reprogrammable epigenetic memory is the persistence of cell-of-origin regulatory information during an attempted change of cell identity, together with the possibility that this information can be erased, rewritten, or exploited.

Dynamic epigenetic changes during kidney development

Kidney development depends on dynamic epigenetic regulation that converts nephron progenitor cells into specialized epithelial and stromal lineages without changing their DNA sequence.

Bispecific antibodies and cancer treatment

Bispecific antibodies bind two different epitopes or antigens within one therapeutic molecule.

Ubiquitination and autophagy regulate host-pathogen interactions

Ubiquitination and autophagy form a connected surveillance system that recognizes intracellular pathogens, directs them toward destruction, and calibrates inflammation.

Immune synapses: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic significance

The immunological synapse is the organized contact through which a T cell communicates with an antigen-presenting cell or a cytotoxic lymphocyte attacks a target.

Cytokine Polymerization: A Double-Edged Sword in Immune Regulation

“Cytokine polymerization” is not a single canonical biological pathway.

Cardiovascular disease can be induced by imbalance of the heart and lymph nodes.

Heart-lymphoid-organ imbalance is a disruption of fluid drainage, antigen and immune-cell trafficking, or reciprocal signaling between injured myocardium and its draining lymphatics, lymph nodes, and other secondary lymphoid organs.

Organ models on a chip and disease modeling

An organ-on-a-chip is a microfluidic culture device with continuously perfused chambers containing living cells arranged to reproduce tissue interfaces, mechanical forces, chemical gradients, and organ-level function.

Molecular landscape of the hematopoietic stem cell niche

The hematopoietic stem-cell niche is the multicellular, molecular, and physical bone-marrow environment that regulates stem-cell quiescence, self-renewal, differentiation, mobilization, and return.

Key Regulators of Cardiac Mechanical Homeostasis

Cardiac mechanical homeostasis is the capacity of cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and extracellular matrix to sense preload, afterload, stretch, stiffness, and shear and convert them into adaptive force, growth, perfusion, and repair.

Cardiac Dysfunction and Strategies for Lymphatic Remodeling

Cardiac lymphatic vessels drain interstitial fluid, transport macromolecules, and regulate immune-cell removal from the myocardium.

Single-Cell and Spatial Multi-omics: Methods and Translational Applications

Single-cell omics resolves molecular measurements cell by cell, while spatial omics retains the position of those measurements within tissue.

Targeted Protein Degradation

Targeted protein degradation is a therapeutic strategy that eliminates disease-associated proteins instead of only inhibiting their activity.