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Protein-tyrosine kinase 2-beta

Definition:

Non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinase that regulates reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, cell polarization, cell migration, adhesion, spreading and bone remodeling. Plays a role in the regulation of the humoral immune response, and is required for normal levels of marginal B-cells in the spleen and normal migration of splenic B-cells. Required for normal macrophage polarization and migration towards sites of inflammation. Regulates cytoskeleton rearrangement and cell spreading in T-cells, and contributes to the regulation of T-cell responses. Promotes osteoclastic bone resorption; this requires both PTK2B/PYK2 and SRC. May inhibit differentiation and activity of osteoprogenitor cells. Functions in signaling downstream of integrin and collagen receptors, immune receptors, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), cytokine, chemokine and growth factor receptors, and mediates responses to cellular stress. Forms multisubunit signaling complexes with SRC and SRC family members upon activation; this leads to the phosphorylation of additional tyrosine residues, creating binding sites for scaffold proteins, effectors and substrates. Regulates numerous signaling pathways. Promotes activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and of the AKT1 signaling cascade. Promotes activation of NOS3. Regulates production of the cellular messenger cGMP. Promotes activation of the MAP kinase signaling cascade, including activation of MAPK1/ERK2, MAPK3/ERK1 and MAPK8/JNK1. Promotes activation of Rho family GTPases, such as RHOA and RAC1. Recruits the ubiquitin ligase MDM2 to P53/TP53 in the nucleus, and thereby regulates P53/TP53 activity, P53/TP53 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Acts as a scaffold, binding to both PDPK1 and SRC, thereby allowing SRC to phosphorylate PDPK1 at 'Tyr-9, 'Tyr-373', and 'Tyr-376'. Promotes phosphorylation of NMDA receptors by SRC family members, and thereby contributes to the regulation of NMDA receptor ion channel activity and intracellular Ca(2+) levels. May also regulate potassium ion transport by phosphorylation of potassium channel subunits. Phosphorylates SRC; this increases SRC kinase activity. Phosphorylates ASAP1, NPHP1, KCNA2 and SHC1. Promotes phosphorylation of ASAP2, RHOU and PXN; this requires both SRC and PTK2/PYK2.

References:

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[3]. Christopher A Lipinski, et al. Targeting Pyk2 for therapeutic intervention. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2010 Jan;14(1):95-108. [Content Brief]

[4]. G Tokiwa, et al. Activation of Pyk2 by stress signals and coupling with JNK signaling pathway. Science. 1996 Aug 9;273(5276):792-4. [Content Brief]

[5]. Chunlei Gao, et al. A Pyk2-Vav1 complex is recruited to beta3-adhesion sites to initiate Rho activation. Biochem J. 2009 Apr 28;420(1):49-56. [Content Brief]

[6]. I Dikic, et al. A role for Pyk2 and Src in linking G-protein-coupled receptors with MAP kinase activation. Nature. 1996 Oct 10;383(6600):547-50. [Content Brief]

[7]. Yoshihiro Taniyama, et al. Pyk2- and Src-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of PDK1 regulates focal adhesions. Mol Cell Biol. 2003 Nov;23(22):8019-29. [Content Brief]

[8]. S Lev, et al. Protein tyrosine kinase PYK2 involved in Ca(2+)-induced regulation of ion channel and MAP kinase functions. Nature. 1995 Aug 31;376(6543):737-45. [Content Brief]

[9]. Shin-Young Park, et al. RAFTK/Pyk2 activation is mediated by trans-acting autophosphorylation in a Src-independent manner. J Biol Chem. 2004 Aug 6;279(32):33315-22. [Content Brief]

[10]. Walter Gregory Roberts, et al. Antitumor activity and pharmacology of a selective focal adhesion kinase inhibitor, PF-562,271. Cancer Res. 2008 Mar 15;68(6):1935-44. [Content Brief]

[11]. Ssang-Taek Lim, et al. Pyk2 inhibition of p53 as an adaptive and intrinsic mechanism facilitating cell proliferation and survival. J Biol Chem. 2010 Jan 15;285(3):1743-53. [Content Brief]

[12]. Max C Liebau, et al. Nephrocystin-4 regulates Pyk2-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of nephrocystin-1 to control targeting to monocilia. J Biol Chem. 2011 Apr 22;286(16):14237-45. [Content Brief]

[13]. Scott J Dylla, et al. Integrin engagement-induced inhibition of human myelopoiesis is mediated by proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 gene products. Exp Hematol. 2004 Apr;32(4):365-74. [Content Brief]

[14]. Aino Ruusala, et al. The atypical Rho GTPase Wrch1 collaborates with the nonreceptor tyrosine kinases Pyk2 and Src in regulating cytoskeletal dynamics. Mol Cell Biol. 2008 Mar;28(5):1802-14. [Content Brief]

[15]. Jingsong Xu, et al. Nonmuscle myosin light-chain kinase mediates neutrophil transmigration in sepsis-induced lung inflammation by activating beta2 integrins. Nat Immunol. 2008 Aug;9(8):880-6. [Content Brief]

[16]. Michaela Collins, et al. T cell receptor activation leads to two distinct phases of Pyk2 activation and actin cytoskeletal rearrangement in human T cells. Mol Immunol. 2010 May;47(9):1665-74. [Content Brief]

[17]. Xinchun Shen, et al. Recruitment of Pyk2 to SHPS-1 signaling complex is required for IGF-I-dependent mitogenic signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2010 Nov;67(22):3893-903. [Content Brief]

[18]. John G Allen, et al. Identification of small molecule inhibitors of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) with osteogenic activity in osteoblast cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 Sep 1;19(17):4924-8. [Content Brief]

[19]. Victoriya A Rufanova, et al. Pyk2 mediates endothelin-1 signaling via p130Cas/BCAR3 cascade and regulates human glomerular mesangial cell adhesion and spreading. J Cell Physiol. 2009 Apr;219(1):45-56. [Content Brief]

[20]. Seungil Han, et al. Structural characterization of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) reveals a unique (DFG-out) conformation and enables inhibitor design. J Biol Chem. 2009 May 8;284(19):13193-201. [Content Brief]

[21]. Anamarija Kruljac-Letunic, et al. The tyrosine kinase Pyk2 regulates Arf1 activity by phosphorylation and inhibition of the Arf-GTPase-activating protein ASAP1. J Biol Chem. 2003 Aug 8;278(32):29560-70. [Content Brief]

[22]. Chris K Sun, et al. Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) promotes cell motility of hepatocellular carcinoma through induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. PLoS One. 2011 Apr 20;6(4):e18878. [Content Brief]

[23]. Chris K Sun, et al. Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) promotes proliferation and invasiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through c-Src/ERK activation. Carcinogenesis. 2008 Nov;29(11):2096-105. [Content Brief]

[24]. Daniel P Walker, et al. Sulfoximine-substituted trifluoromethylpyrimidine analogs as inhibitors of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) show reduced hERG activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 Jun 15;19(12):3253-8. [Content Brief]

[25]. Tetsuya Takahashi, et al. Identification and characterization of a novel Pyk2/related adhesion focal tyrosine kinase-associated protein that inhibits alpha-synuclein phosphorylation. J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 24;278(43):42225-33. [Content Brief]

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