2. Metabolic Enzyme/Protease GPCR/G Protein PI3K/Akt/mTOR Epigenetics Stem Cell/Wnt MAPK/ERK Pathway
  3. Drug Metabolite Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor (HCAR) AMPK ERK
  4. Leucic acid

Leucic acid  (Synonyms: α-Hydroxyisocaproic acid)

Cat. No.: HY-30216A Purity: 98.38%
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Leucic acid (α-Hydroxyisocaproic acid) is an orally active end-product of the microbial metabolism of leucine. Leucic acid can bind to HCAR2, alters AMPK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation status, suppresses lipid synthesis, promotes catabolism, reduces adiposity, enhances lean mass and exercise capacity. Leucic acid suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, inflammation-related gene mRNA expression. Leucic acid decreases basal protein synthesis, attenuates myotube atrophy. Leucic acid can be used for the research of obesity.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Leucic acid

Leucic acid Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 498-36-2

Size Price Stock Quantity
Solid + Solvent (Highly Recommended)
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO
ready for reconstitution
 In-stock
Solution
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO In-stock
Solid
250 mg In-stock
500 mg In-stock
1 g In-stock
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10 g   Get quote  

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Other Forms of Leucic acid:

Leucic acid Related Antibodies

Top Publications Citing Use of Products

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HCAR1 HCAR2

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NUAK1 NUAK2 AMPK AMPK α1β1γ1 AMPK α2β1γ1 AMPK α1β2γ1 AMPK α2β2γ1 BRSK1 BRSK2 HUNK AMPKα

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ERK ERK1 ERK2 ERK5 ERK8

  • Biological Activity

  • Purity & Documentation

  • References

  • Customer Review

Description

Leucic acid (α-Hydroxyisocaproic acid) is an orally active end-product of the microbial metabolism of leucine. Leucic acid can bind to HCAR2, alters AMPK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation status, suppresses lipid synthesis, promotes catabolism, reduces adiposity, enhances lean mass and exercise capacity. Leucic acid suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, inflammation-related gene mRNA expression. Leucic acid decreases basal protein synthesis, attenuates myotube atrophy. Leucic acid can be used for the research of obesity[1][2][3].

IC50 & Target[1]

HCAR2

 

ERK1

 

ERK2

 

In Vitro

Leucic acid (50 μM) targets HCAR2, which is required for leucic acid-mediated suppression of lipid storage and stimulation of oxygen consumption in vitro beige-like adipocytes[1].
Leucic acid (0.31-10 mM; 21 days) reduces lipid accumulation and adipokine levels in human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells[2].
Leucic acid modulates protein expression linked to immune and inflammatory signaling, including significant enrichment of the adipokine signaling pathway, in tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells[2].
Leucic acid (0.31-10 mM) suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and inflammatory gene expression in tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells[2].
Leucic acid (1.67-15 mM; 30 min) activates AMPK and p38MAPK signaling, inhibits ERK1/2 signaling, and does not alter mTORC1 targets p70S6K or 4E-BP1 in fully differentiated murine C2C12 myotubes under normal conditions, indicating negative regulation of protein synthesis through multiple pathways[3].
Leucic acid (15 mM; 2 days (myotubes), 1 day (myoblasts)) significantly decelerates the fractional protein synthesis rate in murine C2C12 myotubes and myoblasts under normal conditions[3].
Leucic acid (15 mM; 2-day pretreatment) attenuates TNFα/IFNγ-induced myotube atrophy, reduces nitric oxide secretion under cachexic conditions, and increases myotube fusion index in murine C2C12 myotubes[3].
Leucic acid (15 mM; 2-day pretreatment) does not modify acute STAT3 or NFκB p65 signaling induced by TNFα/IFNγ co-exposure in murine C2C12 myotubes[3].
Leucic acid (15 mM; 2-day pretreatment) decreases fractional protein synthesis rate under both normal and TNFα/IFNγ-induced cachexic conditions, and attenuates cachexia-associated protein degradation, iNOS overexpression, and IL-6 production in murine C2C12 myotubes[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Leucic acid Related Antibodies

Cell Differentiation Assay[2]

Cell Line: Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs)
Concentration: 0.31, 10 mM
Incubation Time: 21 days
Result: Suppressed Oil Red O-positive lipid accumulation in a concentration-dependent manner, with significant reductions observed at all tested concentrations relative to control differentiated cells.
Reduced cellular triglyceride, glycerol, and free fatty acid levels significantly at tested concentrations relative to control differentiated cells.
In Vivo

Leucic acid (50 mM; p.o.; in drinking water; 12 weeks) reduces adiposity by 17% in HFD-fed male C57BL/6J mice, while enhancing exercise capacity and promoting lipid catabolism without causing muscle wasting[1].
Leucic acid (50 mM; p.o.; in drinking water; 12 weeks) attenuates HFD-induced weight gain in male Aida-/- mice, suppresses lipid synthesis in gWAT, and amplifies thermogenic lipid catabolism in iWAT via upregulation of UCP1 and related pathways[1].
Leucic acid (50 mM; p.o.; in drinking water; 13 weeks) relies on HCAR2 to drive iWAT fat mass reduction and browning in HFD-fed male C57BL/6J mice, as shown by attenuated effects in Hcar2-knockdown tissue[1].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model: C57BL/6J Aida-/- mice (male, 8 weeks old)[1]
Dosage: 50 mM
Administration: p.o.; continuously in drinking water, refreshed every 5 days; up to 12 weeks
Result: Attenuated HFD-induced body weight gain. Improved forelimb grip strength.
Suppressed key lipogenic enzymes including DGAT2, MOGAT2, ACSS2, and FASN in gonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT).
Upregulated genes linked to muscle-like metabolic activation and thermogenesis in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT).
Increased UCP1 protein abundance in iWAT.
Amplified thermogenic and fatty acid degradation pathways in iWAT as shown by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis.
Molecular Weight

132.16

Formula

C6H12O3
CAS No.
Appearance

Solid

Color

White to off-white

SMILES

CC(C)CC(O)C(O)=O
Structure Classification
Initial Source
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage

Sealed storage, away from moisture

Powder -80°C 2 years
-20°C 1 year

*In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)

Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro: 

DMSO : 175 mg/mL (1324.15 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

H2O : 100 mg/mL (756.66 mM; Need ultrasonic)

Preparing
Stock Solutions
Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 7.5666 mL 37.8329 mL 75.6659 mL
5 mM 1.5133 mL 7.5666 mL 15.1332 mL
View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

  • Molarity Calculator

  • Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass
=
Concentration
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Volume
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Molecular Weight *

Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

Concentration (start)

C1

×
Volume (start)

V1

=
Concentration (final)

C2

×
Volume (final)

V2

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% Saline

    Solubility: ≥ 5 mg/mL (37.83 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (50.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

    Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
  • Protocol 2

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

    Solubility: ≥ 5 mg/mL (37.83 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (50.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

    Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

mg/kg

Animal weight
(per animal)

g

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Calculation results:
Working solution concentration: mg/mL
This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
Purity & Documentation

Purity: 98.38%

SDS (394 KB)

COA (245 KB) HNMR (225 KB) RP-HPLC (229 KB) MS (72 KB)

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
H2O / DMSO 1 mM 7.5666 mL 37.8329 mL 75.6659 mL 189.1646 mL
5 mM 1.5133 mL 7.5666 mL 15.1332 mL 37.8329 mL
10 mM 0.7567 mL 3.7833 mL 7.5666 mL 18.9165 mL
15 mM 0.5044 mL 2.5222 mL 5.0444 mL 12.6110 mL
20 mM 0.3783 mL 1.8916 mL 3.7833 mL 9.4582 mL
25 mM 0.3027 mL 1.5133 mL 3.0266 mL 7.5666 mL
30 mM 0.2522 mL 1.2611 mL 2.5222 mL 6.3055 mL
40 mM 0.1892 mL 0.9458 mL 1.8916 mL 4.7291 mL
50 mM 0.1513 mL 0.7567 mL 1.5133 mL 3.7833 mL
60 mM 0.1261 mL 0.6305 mL 1.2611 mL 3.1527 mL
80 mM 0.0946 mL 0.4729 mL 0.9458 mL 2.3646 mL
100 mM 0.0757 mL 0.3783 mL 0.7567 mL 1.8916 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

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Leucic acid Related Classifications

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  • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

    Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

Keywords:

Leucic acid498-36-2α-Hydroxyisocaproic acidDrug MetaboliteHydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor (HCAR)AMPKERKAMP-activated protein kinaseExtracellular signal regulated kinasesobesitymurine C2C12 myotubesthermogenic adipocytesERK1/2MEFsHCAR2Inhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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