Cat. No.: HY-13956

Pioglitazone

(Synonyms: U 72107)

47 Cited Publications

Customer Review

Based on 47 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Pioglitazone (U 72107) is an orally active and selective PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) agonist with high affinity binding to the PPARγ ligand-binding domain with EC₅₀ of 0.93 and 0.99 μM for human and mouse PPARγ, respectively. Pioglitazone can be used in diabetes research.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity: 99.70%
CAS No.: 111025-46-8
Formula: C₁₉H₂₀N₂O₃S
Molecular Weight:356.44

Storage:

Powder -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 2 years , -20°C, 1 year

Pioglitazone Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 111025-46-8

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Biological Activity
- Description
- IC₅₀ & Target
- Cellular Effect
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
- Clinical Trial
Chemical Information
Publications (47)
Solvent & Solubility
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Purity & Documentation
References
Help & FAQs
Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

IC₅₀ & Target^[1]

hPPARγ

0.93 μM (EC₅₀)

mouse PPARγ

0.99 μM (EC₅₀)

hPPARδ

43 μM (EC₅₀)

hPPARα

100 μM (EC₅₀)

mouse PPARα

100 μM (EC₅₀)

All PPAR Isoforms :

Cellular Effect

Cell Line	Type	Value	Description	References
3T3-L1	EC₅₀	1.6 x 10^-7M Compound: pioglitazone	Effective concentration for 50% enhancement of insulin-induced triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells Effective concentration for 50% enhancement of insulin-induced triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells	[PMID: 9599241]
CHO	EC₅₀	0.14 μM Compound: Pioglitazone	Activation of Gal4-tagged human PPARgamma expressed in CHO cells by luciferase reporter gene assay Activation of Gal4-tagged human PPARgamma expressed in CHO cells by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 20656494]
CHO	EC₅₀	0.39 μM Compound: Pioglitazone	Partial agonist activity at human PPARgamma expressed in CHO cells co-transfected with Gal4-responsive luciferase reporter plasmid after 24 hrs by transactivation assay Partial agonist activity at human PPARgamma expressed in CHO cells co-transfected with Gal4-responsive luciferase reporter plasmid after 24 hrs by transactivation assay	[PMID: 21377875]
COS-1	EC₅₀	0.39 μM Compound: 2	Agonist activity at human PPARgamma ligand binding domain expressed in COS-1 cells co-transfected with Gal4 by luciferase reporter gene assay Agonist activity at human PPARgamma ligand binding domain expressed in COS-1 cells co-transfected with Gal4 by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 21130649]
COS-7	EC₅₀	0.2 μM Compound: pioglitazone	Transactivation of GAL4-fused human PPARgamma ligand binding domain transfected in african green monkey COS7 cells by luciferase reporter gene assay Transactivation of GAL4-fused human PPARgamma ligand binding domain transfected in african green monkey COS7 cells by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 23130964]
COS-7	EC₅₀	0.2 μM Compound: Pioglitazone	Transactivation of human PPARgamma expressed in African green monkey COS7 cells incubated overnight by dual-glo luciferase reporter gene assay Transactivation of human PPARgamma expressed in African green monkey COS7 cells incubated overnight by dual-glo luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 26595749]
COS-7	EC₅₀	0.3 μM Compound: pioglitazone	Transactivation of human PPARgamma LBD expressed in african green monkey Cos7 cells co-transfected with fused GAL4-DBD after 14 hrs by Dual-Glo Luciferase reporter gene assay Transactivation of human PPARgamma LBD expressed in african green monkey Cos7 cells co-transfected with fused GAL4-DBD after 14 hrs by Dual-Glo Luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 20307981]
COS-7	EC₅₀	0.3 μM Compound: Pioglitazone	Modulation of human PPARgamma-LBD expressed in african green monkey COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4 assessed as activation of transactivation activity by luciferase assay Modulation of human PPARgamma-LBD expressed in african green monkey COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4 assessed as activation of transactivation activity by luciferase assay	[PMID: 21873070]
COS-7	EC₅₀	0.32 μM Compound: Pioglitazone	Transactivation at Gal4 fused PPARgamma LBD (unknown origin) expressed in African green monkey COS7 cells after 42 hrs by luciferase assay Transactivation at Gal4 fused PPARgamma LBD (unknown origin) expressed in African green monkey COS7 cells after 42 hrs by luciferase assay	[PMID: 27569195]
COS-7	EC₅₀	0.5 μM Compound: Pioglitazone	Transactivation of GAL4-fused human PPARgamma ligand binding domain expressed in African green monkey COS7 cells after 42 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay Transactivation of GAL4-fused human PPARgamma ligand binding domain expressed in African green monkey COS7 cells after 42 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 27560282]
CV-1	EC₅₀	0.55 μM Compound: pioglitazone	Transactivation of PPARgamma in CV1 cells Transactivation of PPARgamma in CV1 cells	[PMID: 16821769]
CV-1	EC₅₀	0.69 μM Compound: 5	In vitro transcriptional activation of Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR) expressed in CV-1 cells In vitro transcriptional activation of Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR) expressed in CV-1 cells	[PMID: 8576907]
CV-1	EC₅₀	580 nM Compound: Pioglitazone	Maximal reporter activity against human Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma Gal4 chimeric in transiently transfected CV-1 cells by functional assay. Maximal reporter activity against human Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma Gal4 chimeric in transiently transfected CV-1 cells by functional assay.	[PMID: 11720854]
HEK293	EC₅₀	0.21 μM Compound: Pioglitazone	Agonist activity at human PPARgamma expressed in HEK293 cells incubated for 18 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay Agonist activity at human PPARgamma expressed in HEK293 cells incubated for 18 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 25333853]
HEK293	EC₅₀	0.8 μM Compound: 4	Transactivation of human GAL4-fused PPARgamma ligand binding domain transfected in HEK293 cells after 18 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay Transactivation of human GAL4-fused PPARgamma ligand binding domain transfected in HEK293 cells after 18 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 23102891]
HEK293	EC₅₀	1.1 μM Compound: 1	Transactivation activity at Gal4 fused full length human PPARgamma LBD expressed in HEK293 cells after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay Transactivation activity at Gal4 fused full length human PPARgamma LBD expressed in HEK293 cells after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 28465099]
HEK293	IC₅₀	22 μM Compound: 1	Transrepression activity at human PPARgamma expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of TNFalpha induced NF-kappaB promoter activity pretreated for 4 hrs followed by TNFalpha stimulation after 3 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay Transrepression activity at human PPARgamma expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of TNFalpha induced NF-kappaB promoter activity pretreated for 4 hrs followed by TNFalpha stimulation after 3 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 28465099]
HepG2	EC₅₀	0.57 μM Compound: Pioglitazone	Agonist activity at GAL4-tagged human PPARgamma ligand binding domain expressed in HepG2 cells assessed as transactivation after 20 hrs by beta-galactosidase reporter gene assay Agonist activity at GAL4-tagged human PPARgamma ligand binding domain expressed in HepG2 cells assessed as transactivation after 20 hrs by beta-galactosidase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 22341573]
HT-1080	IC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: Pioglitazone	Cytotoxic activity in human HT1080 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 3 days by MTT assay Cytotoxic activity in human HT1080 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 3 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 28395220]
HT-29	IC₅₀	40.3 μM Compound: Pioglitazone	Anticancer activity against human HT-29 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer activity against human HT-29 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 36481599]
K562	GI₅₀	40.07 μM Compound: PG	Antiproliferative activity against human K562 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition Antiproliferative activity against human K562 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition	[PMID: 32961322]
K562	IC₅₀	0.29 μM Compound: Pioglitazone	Anticancer activity against human K562 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer activity against human K562 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 36481599]
MCF7	IC₅₀	0.07 μM Compound: Pioglitazone	Anticancer activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay Anticancer activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 36481599]
MDA-MB-231	IC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: Pioglitazone	Cytotoxic activity in human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 3 days by MTT assay Cytotoxic activity in human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 3 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 28395220]
Mesenchymal stem cells	EC₅₀	0.5 μM Compound: Pio	Induction of adiponectin secretion in human BMMSC cells in presence of IDX induction medium by ELISA assay Induction of adiponectin secretion in human BMMSC cells in presence of IDX induction medium by ELISA assay	[PMID: 37077388]
Mesenchymal stem cells	EC₅₀	0.6 μM Compound: Pio	Induction of adiponectin biosynthesis in human BMMSC cells assessed as adiponectin level measured after 7 days by ELISA Induction of adiponectin biosynthesis in human BMMSC cells assessed as adiponectin level measured after 7 days by ELISA	[PMID: 36379105]
Mesenchymal stem cells	EC₅₀	0.79 μM Compound: PIO	Induction of adipogenesis in differentiated human BMMSC cells assessed as fold increase in adiponectin level in presence of IDX by ELISA Induction of adipogenesis in differentiated human BMMSC cells assessed as fold increase in adiponectin level in presence of IDX by ELISA	[PMID: 36475432]
Mesenchymal stem cells	EC₅₀	0.9 μM Compound: Pio	Induction of adipogenesis in human differentiated BMMSC cells assessed as increase in adiponectin secretion and measured on 5 day in presence of IDX induction medium by ELISA Induction of adipogenesis in human differentiated BMMSC cells assessed as increase in adiponectin secretion and measured on 5 day in presence of IDX induction medium by ELISA	[PMID: 35859875]
Mesenchymal stem cells	EC₅₀	1.4 μM Compound: 41	Induction of adipogenesis in human differentiated BMMSC cells assessed as increase in adiponectin production in presence of IDX induction by Oil Red O staining based inverted microscopic analysis Induction of adipogenesis in human differentiated BMMSC cells assessed as increase in adiponectin production in presence of IDX induction by Oil Red O staining based inverted microscopic analysis	[PMID: 36967575]
PC-3	IC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: Pioglitazone	Cytotoxic activity in human PC3 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 3 days by MTT assay Cytotoxic activity in human PC3 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 3 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 28395220]
Sf21	IC₅₀	0.3 μM Compound: Pioglitazone	Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in plasma membrane vesicles of Sf21 cells assessed as inhibition of ATP-dependent [3H]taurocholate uptake Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in plasma membrane vesicles of Sf21 cells assessed as inhibition of ATP-dependent [3H]taurocholate uptake	[PMID: 21965623]
Sf21	IC₅₀	2 μM Compound: Pioglitazone	Inhibition of Sprague-Dawley rat Bsep expressed in plasma membrane vesicles of Sf21 cells assessed as inhibition of ATP-dependent [3H]taurocholate uptake Inhibition of Sprague-Dawley rat Bsep expressed in plasma membrane vesicles of Sf21 cells assessed as inhibition of ATP-dependent [3H]taurocholate uptake	[PMID: 21965623]
THP-1	IC₅₀	>50 μM Compound: Pioglitazone	Antiinflammatory activity in human THP1 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced IL-1beta secretion preincubated for 1 hr prior PMA-challenge measured after 48 hrs by ELISA Antiinflammatory activity in human THP1 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced IL-1beta secretion preincubated for 1 hr prior PMA-challenge measured after 48 hrs by ELISA	[PMID: 23811092]
THP-1	IC₅₀	18.6 μM Compound: Pioglitazone	Antiinflammatory activity in human THP1 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced MCP-1 secretion incubated for 2 hrs prior to PMA challenge measured after 72 hrs by ELISA Antiinflammatory activity in human THP1 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced MCP-1 secretion incubated for 2 hrs prior to PMA challenge measured after 72 hrs by ELISA	[PMID: 24531227]
THP-1	IC₅₀	18.84 μM Compound: Pioglitazone	Antiinflammatory activity in human THP1 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced MCP-1 secretion preincubated for 1 hr prior PMA-challenge measured after 48 hrs by ELISA Antiinflammatory activity in human THP1 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced MCP-1 secretion preincubated for 1 hr prior PMA-challenge measured after 48 hrs by ELISA	[PMID: 23811092]
THP-1	IC₅₀	2.97 mM Compound: Pioglitazone	Inhibition of PMA-induced human THP1 monocytes differentiation in to macrophages assessed as macrophage metabolic activity preincubated for 6 hrs before PMA stimulation Inhibition of PMA-induced human THP1 monocytes differentiation in to macrophages assessed as macrophage metabolic activity preincubated for 6 hrs before PMA stimulation	[PMID: 30818268]

In Vitro

Pioglitazone (0.5 or 1 μM, 5 days) can completely prevent AGEs (advanced glycation end-products)-induced β-cell necrosis and the increase of caspase-3 thereby avoiding the impaired viability caused by AGEs in pancreatic beta cell line HIT-T15^[2].
Pioglitazone (1 μM, 1 h) can stimulate insulin secretion induced by low glucose concentration and attenuate the GSSG/GSH ratio in cells cultured with AGEs^[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

In Vivo

Pioglitazone (oral gavage, 10 or 30 mg/kg, once daily, 14 days) can induce improvements in insulin resistance and diabetes that may be lipocalin-dependent in the liver but not in skeletal muscle^[3].
Pioglitazone (oral gavage, 10 mg/kg, once daily, 4 weeks) can significantly reduce body weight (BW), cardiac hypertrophy, elevated blood glucose levels and improve the associated dyslipidemia^[4].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model:

ob/ob and adipo^-/- ob/ob mice with a C57Bl/6 background^[3]
Dosage:

10 or 30 mg/kg
Administration:

Oral gavage; once daily; 14 days
Result:

Showed no changes of serum-free fatty acid and triglyceride levels as well as adipocyte sizes in ob/ob and adipo^-/- ob/ob C57BL/6 mice at 10 mg/kg but significantly reduced to a similar degree at 30 mg/kg.
Also showed no changes of expressions of TNFα and resistin in adipose tissues of ob/ob and adipo^-/- ob/ob mice at 10 mg/kg but decreased at 30 mg/kg.

Animal Model:

Male Wistar albino rats^[4]
Dosage:

10 mg/kg
Administration:

Oral gavage; once daily; 4 weeks
Result:

Decreased the elevated serum levels of both creatinine and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), TGF-β1 gene expression and regulated the expression of MMP-2/TIMP-2 system.

Clinical Trial

NCT Number	Sponsor	Condition	Start Date	Phase A549
NCT01329991	Plexxikon\|		2011-05	PHASE1

Chemical Information

CAS No. 111025-46-8
Appearance Solid
Molecular Weight 356.44
Formula C₁₉H₂₀N₂O₃S
Color White to off-white
SMILES

O=C(N1)SC(CC2=CC=C(OCCC3=NC=C(CC)C=C3)C=C2)C1=O
Synonyms

U 72107
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

Powder	-20°C	3 years
	4°C	2 years
In solvent	-80°C	2 years
	-20°C	1 year

Publications (47)

All IFIn Vivo Efficacy StudyHistological Imaging/StainingRT-PCRWB

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Journal Impact Factor

Cell Metab

An isocaloric moderately high-fat diet extends lifespan in male rats and Drosophila. [Abstract]

2021 Mar 2;33(3):581-597.e9. PMID: 33440166
Cell Stem Cell

Hepatic cytochrome P450 8B1 and cholic acid potentiate intestinal epithelial injury in colitis by suppressing intestinal stem cell renewal. [Abstract]

2022 Sep 1;29(9):1366-1381.e9. PMID: 36055192

Pioglitazone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Stem Cell. 2022 Sep 1;29(9):1366-1381.e9. [Abstract]

Crypts isolated from Lgr5-EGFP-IRES-creERT2 mice were cultured with CA together with/without 100 μM WY14643/ 10 μM Pioglitazone/ 1 μM GW501516 for 6 days. Representative staining pattern of Lgr5⁺ cells.
Cancer Res

Disrupting Circadian Rhythm via the PER1-HK2 Axis Reverses Trastuzumab Resistance in Gastric Cancer. [Abstract]

2022 Apr 15;82(8):1503-1517. PMID: 35255118
ACS Nano

Cellular Adaptive Component-Mediated Targeting of Chylomicron-Mimic Nanoemulsion to Hepatic Stellate Cells for Liver Fibrosis. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 31;20(12):10108-10126. PMID: 41830798
Nat Commun

Modulating the PPARγ pathway upregulates NECTIN4 and enhances chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in bladder cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 10;16(1):8215. PMID: 40931013

Pioglitazone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 Sep 10;16(1):8215. [Abstract]

Western blot for NECTIN4 and HPGD in RT112 cells treated with T0070907, Rosiglitazone, and Pioglitazone (1 μM, 72 h).
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Mitochondrial CISD1 Modulates Microglial Metabolic Reprogramming to Drive Stress Susceptibility in Mice. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 11:e08957. PMID: 41215712

Pioglitazone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Nov 11:e08957. [Abstract]

Experimental timelines for behavioral testing following Pioglitazone (15-30 mg/kg, p.o.) treatment. Typical heat plot , social interaction ratio, time in interaction zone.

Pioglitazone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Nov 11:e08957. [Abstract]

The mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines Il1b and Il6 decreased in the mPFC from control‐GFP, SUS‐GFP, control‐Pioglitazone and SUS‐Pioglitazone (15-30 mg/kg, p.o.) mice.
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Fatty Acid Oxidation-Glycolysis Metabolic Transition Affects ECM Homeostasis in Silica-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 25:e2407134. PMID: 39721015

Pioglitazone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024 Dec 25:e2407134. [Abstract]

Decreased expression of collagen I in activated fibroblasts was consistently shown through immunofluorescence staining after administering 3PO and Pioglitazone (10, 20, 30 μM).

Pioglitazone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024 Dec 25:e2407134. [Abstract]

Histopathological analysis of mouse lung tissue revealed that treatment with Pioglitazone (10, 20, 30 μM) partially mitigated lung fibrosis, although collagen deposits persisted.
Adv Sci (Weinh)

The Thyroid Hormone Analog GC-1 Mitigates Acute Lung Injury by Inhibiting M1 Macrophage Polarization. [Abstract]

2024 Nov;11(44):e2401931. PMID: 39373388
Chem Eng J

2026 Feb 24.
J Adv Res

Gastrodin attenuates high fructose-induced sweet taste preference decrease by inhibiting hippocampal neural stem cell ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2025 Aug:74:429-442. PMID: 39353531
Gut Microbes

FABP4 in Paneth cells regulates antimicrobial protein expression to reprogram gut microbiota. [Abstract]

2022 Jan-Dec;14(1):2139978. PMID: 36519446
Sci China Chem

2025 Jun 30.
Acta Pharmacol Sin

ACSL4 is a predictive biomarker of sorafenib sensitivity in hepatocellular carcinoma. [Abstract]

2021 Jan;42(1):160-170. PMID: 32541921
Br J Pharmacol

Inactivation of SERCA2 Cys674 accelerates aortic aneurysms by suppressing PPARγ. [Abstract]

2021 Jun;178(11):2305-2323. PMID: 33591571
Biochem Pharmacol

Dual inhibition of EGR1/STAT3 transcriptional hubs suppresses macrophage-driven liver fibrosis: A multi-omics-guided drug repurposing strategy. [Abstract]

2025 Oct:240:117120. PMID: 40623460
Am J Chin Med

Berberine Inhibited SASP-Related Inflammation through RXRα/PPARγ/NEDD4 Pathway in Atherosclerosis. [Abstract]

2025;53(1):251-283. PMID: 39829230
J Ethnopharmacol

Serum metabolomics and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing reveal the role of puerarin in alleviating bone loss aggravated by antidiabetic agent pioglitazone in type 2 diabetic mice. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 29:340:119128. PMID: 39617084
Immunology

Inactivation of mitochondrial pyruvate carrier promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation and gout development via metabolic reprogramming. [Abstract]

2023 Jul;169(3):271-291. PMID: 36708143
Inflammation

Pioglitazone Attenuates Experimental Colitis-Associated Hyperalgesia through Improving the Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction. [Abstract]

2020 Apr;43(2):568-578. PMID: 31989391

Pioglitazone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Inflammation. 2020 Apr;43(2):568-578. [Abstract]

Colonic lysates of CON + Veh, DSS + Veh, and DSS + PIO (day 7, day 14, and day 21) group mice are analyzed by immunoblotting with IL-6, TNF-α, MMP9, and PPARγ antibodies, respectively. Each lane represents one mouse.

Pioglitazone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Inflammation. 2020 Apr;43(2):568-578. [Abstract]

Colonic lysates of CON + Veh, DSS + Veh, and DSS + PIO (day 7, day 14, and day 21) group mice are analyzed by immunoblotting with p-ERK, ERK, p-P65, and P65 antibodies, respectively. Each lane represents one mouse.
Int J Oncol

lncRNA Ftx promotes aerobic glycolysis and tumor progression through the PPARγ pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. [Abstract]

2018 Aug;53(2):551-566. PMID: 29845188
Ann N Y Acad Sci

The TRIB1-PPARγ Axis Regulates Cholesterol Metabolism in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. [Abstract]

2026 Mar;1557(1):e70224. PMID: 41774091
Eur J Pharmacol

6-Gingerol exerts antidepressant effect through regulating the PPARγ signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 15:1003:177943. PMID: 40653078
Biol Proced Online

Establishment of a mouse lung cancer organoid model and its applications for therapeutic screening. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 16;27(1):21. PMID: 40524168
Exp Neurol

Exosomes-mediated delivery of miR-27a-3p antagomir alleviates white matter injury by regulating PPARγ/PRDX1/JNK pathway after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. [Abstract]

2026 May:399:115667. PMID: 41581691
Poult Sci

Three alternative promoters govern PGC-1α expression in chicken and are directly repressed by PPARγ. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 18;105(4):106481. PMID: 41610606
iScience

Targeting the PPAR-γ/OPTN axis to inhibit apoptosis in steroid-induced glaucoma. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 5;29(4):115247. PMID: 41907401
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol

Periostin promotes arterial calcification through PPARγ-related glucose metabolism reprogramming. [Abstract]

2021 Jun 1;320(6):H2222-H2239. PMID: 33834866
Nutr Metab

Aerobic exercise decreases chemerin/CMKLR1 in the serum and peripheral metabolic organs of obesity and diabetes rats by increasing PPARγ. [Abstract]

2019 Mar 5:16:17. PMID: 30873215
Sci Rep

Pomolic acid alleviates CCl4‑induced liver fibrosis in mice by suppressing β-arrestin 2-mediated pro-fibrotic macrophage polarization. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 31. PMID: 41917130
Biochem Eng J

2021, 108104.
Heliyon

Combined therapy with pioglitazone and FGF21 mRNA synergistically ameliorates metabolic disorders in NAFLD rats. [Abstract]

2023 Apr 1;9(4):e15146. PMID: 37123911
Mol Med Rep

PDCD4 promotes inflammation/fibrosis by activating the PPAR‑γ/NF‑κB pathway in mouse atrial myocytes. [Abstract]

2024 Nov;30(5):209. PMID: 39301631
Food Chem Toxicol

PPAR-γ with its anti-fibrotic action could serve as an effective therapeutic target in T-2 toxin-induced cardiac fibrosis of rats. [Abstract]

2021 Jun:152:112183. PMID: 33836209
Mol Med Rep

Visfatin is regulated by interleukin‑6 and affected by the PPAR‑γ pathway in BeWo cells. [Abstract]

2019 Jan;19(1):400-406. PMID: 30483779
BMC Complement Med Ther

Luteolin alleviates inflammation and autophagy of hippocampus induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion by activating PPAR gamma in rats. [Abstract]

2022 Jul 1;22(1):176. PMID: 35778706
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol

Pioglitazone decreased renal calcium oxalate crystal formation by suppressing M1 macrophage polarization via the PPAR-γ-miR-23 axis. [Abstract]

2019 Jul 1;317(1):F137-F151. PMID: 31091119
J Diabetes Res

Pioglitazone Ameliorates Atorvastatin-Induced Islet Cell Dysfunction through Activation of FFA1 in INS-1 Cells. [Abstract]

2019 Feb 3:2019:5245063. PMID: 30863781
Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol

Mechanism of neuroprotective effect of stevioside on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via PPAR-γ activation. [Abstract]

2021 Dec;43(6):704-712. PMID: 34448677
PLoS One

Investigation of the effect and mechanisms of moxa smoke in the treatment of Influenza A Virus (IAV) infection. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 12;20(12):e0337906. PMID: 41385483
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol

Pioglitazone can improve liver sex hormone-binding globulin levels and lipid metabolism in polycystic ovary syndrome by regulating hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α. [Abstract]

2023 May:229:106265. PMID: 36737028
Med Sci Monit

Gegen Qinlian Decoction Ameliorates Hepatic Insulin Resistance by Silent Information Regulator1 (SIRT1)-Dependent Deacetylation of Forkhead Box O1 (FOXO1). [Abstract]

2019 Nov 13;25:8544-8553. PMID: 31719515
SSRN

2025 Jul 8.
Res Sq

2024 Jul 12.
Tunku Abdul Rahman University

2024 Mar 11.
SSRN

2023 May 30.
Oxid Med Cell Longev

Qihuang Zhuyu Formula Attenuates Atherosclerosis via Targeting PPAR γ to Regulate Cholesterol Efflux and Endothelial Cell Inflammation. [Abstract]

2022 Dec 5:2022:2226168. PMID: 36518993
Research Square Preprint

2021 Mar.

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : 25 mg/mL (70.14 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

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Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

2.8055 mL

14.0276 mL

28.0552 mL

5 mM

0.5611 mL

2.8055 mL

5.6110 mL

10 mM

0.2806 mL

1.4028 mL

2.8055 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

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Stock Solution Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline

Solubility: 2.08 mg/mL (5.84 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic

This protocol yields a suspended solution of 2.08 mg/mL. Suspended solution can be used for oral and intraperitoneal injection.

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil

Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (5.84 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:

It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.

The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 0.5% CMC-Na/saline water

Solubility: 10 mg/mL (28.06 mM); Suspened solution; Need ultrasonic

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage Dosage
mg/kg
Animal Weight (Per Animal) Animal Weight (Per Animal)
g
Dosing Volume (Per Animal) Dosing Volume (Per Animal)
μL
Number of Animals Number of Animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Please enter your animal formula composition:

%
DMSO +

Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
%
+
+
%
Tween-80 + +
%
Saline +

The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).

Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL

Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (278 KB)
SDS (419 KB)
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COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Kuwabara K, et al. A novel selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist, 2-methyl-c-5-[4-[5-methyl-2-(4-methylphenyl)-4-oxazolyl]butyl]-1,3-dioxane-r-2-carboxylic acid (NS-220), potently decreases plasma triglyceride and glucose leve [Content Brief]

[2]. Puddu A, et al. Pioglitazone attenuates the detrimental effects of advanced glycation end-products in the pancreatic beta cell line HIT-T15. Regul Pept. 2012 Aug 20;177(1-3):79-84. [Content Brief]

[3]. Kubota N, et al. Pioglitazone ameliorates insulin resistance and diabetes by both adiponectin-dependent and -independent pathways. J Biol Chem. 2006 Mar 31;281(13):8748-55. [Content Brief]

[4]. Elrashidy RA, et al. Pioglitazone attenuates cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2012 Sep;17(3):324-33. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
DMSO	1 mM	2.8055 mL	14.0276 mL	28.0552 mL	70.1380 mL
	5 mM	0.5611 mL	2.8055 mL	5.6110 mL	14.0276 mL
	10 mM	0.2806 mL	1.4028 mL	2.8055 mL	7.0138 mL
	15 mM	0.1870 mL	0.9352 mL	1.8703 mL	4.6759 mL
	20 mM	0.1403 mL	0.7014 mL	1.4028 mL	3.5069 mL
	25 mM	0.1122 mL	0.5611 mL	1.1222 mL	2.8055 mL
	30 mM	0.0935 mL	0.4676 mL	0.9352 mL	2.3379 mL
	40 mM	0.0701 mL	0.3507 mL	0.7014 mL	1.7535 mL
	50 mM	0.0561 mL	0.2806 mL	0.5611 mL	1.4028 mL
	60 mM	0.0468 mL	0.2338 mL	0.4676 mL	1.1690 mL

Keywords

Pioglitazone

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Pioglitazone

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Cat. No.: HY-13956