Pyroptosis: Gasdermin-Mediated Programmed Necrotic Cell Death

Pyroptosis was long regarded as caspase-1-mediated monocyte death in response to certain Bacterial insults. Caspase-1 is activated upon various infectious and immunological challenges through different inflammasomes. The discovery of caspase-11/4/5 function in sensing intracellular lipopolysaccharide expands the spectrum of Pyroptosis mediators and also reveals that Pyroptosis is not cell type specific. Recent studies identified the Pyroptosis executioner, gasdermin D (GSDMD), a substrate of both Caspase-1 and caspase-11/4/5. GSDMD represents a large gasdermin family bearing a novel membrane pore-forming activity. Thus, Pyroptosis is redefined as gasdermin-mediated programmed necrosis. Gasdermins are associated with various genetic diseases, but their cellular function and mechanism of activation (except for GSDMD) are unknown. The gasdermin family suggests a new area of research on Pyroptosis function in immunity, disease, and beyond.