2. Metabolic Enzyme/Protease Anti-infection Apoptosis
  3. Fungal Ferroptosis HIV Bacterial Endogenous Metabolite Apoptosis
  4. Trigonelline

Trigonelline is an alkaloid with potential antidiabetic activity that can be isolated from Trigonella foenum-graecum L or Leonurus artemisia. Trigonelline is a potent Nrf2 inhibitor that blocks Nrf2-dependent proteasome activity, thereby enhancing apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Trigonelline also has anti-HSV-1, antibacterial, and antifungal activity and induces ferroptosis.

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CAS No. : 535-83-1

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Based on 10 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of Trigonelline:

Trigonelline Related Antibodies

Top Publications Citing Use of Products

    Trigonelline purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024 Mar;11(10):e2305563.  [Abstract]

    Nrf2 deficiency eliminated the antiferroptotic effect of VDR. Trigonelline (Trig, 100 μM) was pretreated to HG‐cultured HK‐2 cells for 30 min. Western blotting and related densitometric analysis were applied to detect the expression levels of VDR, Nrf2, and HO‐1. β‐actin served as a loading control.

    Trigonelline purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Feb 7;24(4):3257.

    The inhibitor of NRF2 suppressed the protective effect of Ber on cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes were treated with the NRF2 inhibitor trigonelline (TRI) 30 min prior to DOX and Ber stimulation. The levels of cytoplasmic HO-1 and mitochondrial TFAM in cardiomyocytes were measured by Western blotting. Quantitative analysis of the relative protein levels is shown on the right-hand side of the images.

    Trigonelline purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Feb 7;24(4):3257.

    The inhibitor of NRF2 suppressed the protective effect of Ber on cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes were treated with the NRF2 inhibitor trigonelline (TRI) 30 min prior to DOX and Ber stimulation. Representative photomicrographs TUNEL-stained sections (left). The rate of apoptosis was expressed as the ratio of TUNEL-positive cardiomyocyte nuclei (green) to total number of cardiomyocyte nuclei (blue). The numbers of apoptotic cells were counted in five randomly selected fields for each sample (right). The scale bar represents 50 μm.

    Trigonelline purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Ginseng Res. 2023 Jan;47(1):106-116.

    Trigonelline (150 μM, 24 h). THP-induced oxidative stress in H9c2 cells and the effects of GF1. Representative levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH).

    Trigonelline purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Ginseng Res. 2023 Jan;47(1):106-116.

    Trigonelline (150 μM, 24 h). Representative Nrf2 levels in nucleus; Lamin B was used as an internal control in nucleus; Nrf2, keap1, HO-1, Gst, and GCLM protein expression in cytoplasm; GAPDH was utilized as an internal control in cytoplasm.

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    • Biological Activity

    • Protocol

    • Purity & Documentation

    • References

    • Customer Review

    Description

    Trigonelline is an alkaloid with potential antidiabetic activity that can be isolated from Trigonella foenum-graecum L or Leonurus artemisia. Trigonelline is a potent Nrf2 inhibitor that blocks Nrf2-dependent proteasome activity, thereby enhancing apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Trigonelline also has anti-HSV-1, antibacterial, and antifungal activity and induces ferroptosis.

    IC50 & Target

    Human Endogenous Metabolite

     

    In Vitro

    Trigonelline (TG) significantly rescues the morphology of the H9c2 cells. Treatment of cells with Trigonelline attenuates H2O2 induced cell deaths and improves the antioxidant activity. In addition, Trigonelline regulates the apoptotic gene caspase-3, caspase-9 and anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2, Bcl-XL during H2O2 induced oxidative stress in H9c2 cells. For evident, flow cytometer results also confirms that Trigonelline significantly reduces the H2O2 induced necrosis and apoptosis in H9c2 cells[1].

    MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

    Trigonelline Related Antibodies
    In Vivo

    Trigonelline decreases bone mineralization and tends to worsen bone mechanical properties in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In nicotinamide/streptozotocin-treated rats, Trigonelline significantly increases bone mineral density (BMD) and tends to improve cancellous bone strength. Trigonelline differentially affects the skeletal system of rats with streptozotocin-induced metabolic disorders, intensifying the osteoporotic changes in streptozotocin-treated rats and favorably affecting bones in the non-hyperglycemic (nicotinamide/streptozotocin-treated) rats[2].

    MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
    Molecular Weight

    137.14

    Formula

    C7H7NO2
    CAS No.
    Appearance

    Solid

    Color

    White to light yellow

    SMILES

    C[N+]1=CC(C([O-])=O)=CC=C1
    Structure Classification
    Initial Source
    Shipping

    Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
    Storage

    4°C, protect from light

    *In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light)

    Solvent & Solubility
    In Vitro: 

    H2O : ≥ 100 mg/mL (729.18 mM)

    DMSO : 7.14 mg/mL (52.06 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

    *"≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.

    Preparing
    Stock Solutions
    Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
    1 mM 7.2918 mL 36.4591 mL 72.9182 mL
    5 mM 1.4584 mL 7.2918 mL 14.5836 mL
    View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

    * Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
    Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

    * Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

    • Molarity Calculator

    • Dilution Calculator

    Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

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    Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

    This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

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    In Vivo:

    Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

    For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
    To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
    The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

    • Protocol 1

      Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% Saline

      Solubility: ≥ 0.71 mg/mL (5.18 mM); Clear solution

      This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 0.71 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

      Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (7.1 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

      Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
    • Protocol 2

      Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

      Solubility: ≥ 0.71 mg/mL (5.18 mM); Clear solution

      This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 0.71 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

      Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (7.1 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

      Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
    In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
    Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

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    Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
    Calculation results:
    Working solution concentration: mg/mL
    This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
    The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
    Purity & Documentation

    Purity: 99.95%

    SDS (393 KB)

    COA (249 KB) HNMR (236 KB) RP-HPLC (221 KB) MS (227 KB)

    Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
    References
    Cell Assay

    The H9c2 cells are seeded in the 96 well at a density of 1×105 cells/well. The cells are treated with different concentrations of Trigonelline (TG) (25 to 150 μM) and hydrogen peroxide (25 to 125 μM). It is incubated at 37°C in 5% CO2 incubator for 24 h and 6 h respectively and then the culture is treated with the water soluble tetrazolium (WST) reagent incubated for 2 h to 4 h. The living cells absorb the WST then it is converted into an orange colour product. Then, the intensity of colour is measured at 450 nm using spectra count ELISA reader. For cardio protective activity, the cells are seeded and separated into six groups control, H2O2 alone, the rest of groups’ initially exposed to different concentration (25 to 125 μM) of Trigonelline for 48 hours. Then, 100 μM of H2O2 is added and incubated for 4 hours, after, read the absorbance at 450 nm for cell viability assay[1].

    MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
    Animal Administration
    [2]

    Three-month-old female Wistar rats are used in this study. The animals are divided into five groups (n=10): Control rats, Streptozotocin-treated control rats, Streptozotocin-treated rats receiving Trigonelline (50 mg/kg p.o. daily), Nicotinamide/streptozotocin-treated control rats, and Nicotinamide/streptozotocin-treated rats receiving Trigonelline (50 mg/kg p.o. daily). Administration of Trigonelline starts two weeks after streptozotocin and lasts four weeks. Trigonelline is administered once daily by a stomach tube. All control rats receive tap water (the vehicle) at the same volume of 2 mL/kg p.o. The four-week period of Trigonelline administration is long enough to demonstrate skeletal effects of Trigonelline and other compounds of plant origin in rats. The rats are fasted overnight after the last Trigonelline or vehicle administration. The next day, the blood glucose level is measured and the rats are anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine, and then sacrificed by cardiac exsanguination[2].

    MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
    References

    Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

    * Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
    Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

    Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
    DMSO / H2O 1 mM 7.2918 mL 36.4591 mL 72.9182 mL 182.2955 mL
    5 mM 1.4584 mL 7.2918 mL 14.5836 mL 36.4591 mL
    10 mM 0.7292 mL 3.6459 mL 7.2918 mL 18.2295 mL
    15 mM 0.4861 mL 2.4306 mL 4.8612 mL 12.1530 mL
    20 mM 0.3646 mL 1.8230 mL 3.6459 mL 9.1148 mL
    25 mM 0.2917 mL 1.4584 mL 2.9167 mL 7.2918 mL
    30 mM 0.2431 mL 1.2153 mL 2.4306 mL 6.0765 mL
    40 mM 0.1823 mL 0.9115 mL 1.8230 mL 4.5574 mL
    50 mM 0.1458 mL 0.7292 mL 1.4584 mL 3.6459 mL
    H2O 60 mM 0.1215 mL 0.6077 mL 1.2153 mL 3.0383 mL
    80 mM 0.0911 mL 0.4557 mL 0.9115 mL 2.2787 mL
    100 mM 0.0729 mL 0.3646 mL 0.7292 mL 1.8230 mL

    * Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

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    Trigonelline Related Classifications

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    • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

      Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

    Keywords:

    Trigonelline535-83-1TrigenollineFungalFerroptosisHIVBacterialEndogenous MetaboliteApoptosisHuman immunodeficiency virusInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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