Trigonelline
Based on 10 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Trigonelline is an alkaloid with potential antidiabetic activity that can be isolated from Trigonella foenum-graecum L or Leonurus artemisia. Trigonelline is a potent Nrf2 inhibitor that blocks Nrf2-dependent proteasome activity, thereby enhancing apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Trigonelline also has anti-HSV-1, antibacterial, and antifungal activity and induces ferroptosis.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity: 99.95%
- CAS No.: 535-83-1
- Formula: C7H7NO2
- Molecular Weight:137.14
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Storage:
4°C, protect from light
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light)
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Trigonelline
More- Autophagy. 2026 Feb 15:1-19. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Nov 5:e13956. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024 Mar;11(10):e2305563. [Abstract]
- Cell Rep. 2026 Mar 24;45(3):117086. [Abstract]
- J Agric Food Chem. 2022 Jun 22;70(24):7420-7440. [Abstract]
- J Ginseng Res. 2023 Jan;47(1):106-116. [Abstract]
- Microchem J. 2026 Mar 19.
- Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Feb 7;24(4):3257. [Abstract]
- Vet Microbiol. 2026 May:316:110992. [Abstract]
- SSRN. 2025 Jul 9.
Customer Validation & Images
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Cell Imaging/Staining
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All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms
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Biological Activity
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Human Endogenous Metabolite |
Trigonelline (TG) significantly rescues the morphology of the H9c2 cells. Treatment of cells with Trigonelline attenuates H2O2 induced cell deaths and improves the antioxidant activity. In addition, Trigonelline regulates the apoptotic gene caspase-3, caspase-9 and anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2, Bcl-XL during H2O2 induced oxidative stress in H9c2 cells. For evident, flow cytometer results also confirms that Trigonelline significantly reduces the H2O2 induced necrosis and apoptosis in H9c2 cells[1].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 535-83-1
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 137.14
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Formula C7H7NO2
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Color White to light yellow
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SMILES
C[N+]1=CC(C([O-])=O)=CC=C1
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Synonyms
Trigenolline
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Structure Classification
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
4°C, protect from light
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light)
Publications (10)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Autophagy
Kitasamycin overcomes ferroptosis and immunotherapy resistance by targeting the HUWE1-NCOA4-FTH1 axis. [Abstract]2026 Feb 15:1-19. PMID: 41612599 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
Trigonelline Improves Metabolism and Cardiac Function of HFpEF Mice Via Gut Microbiome Alterations-Mediated AMPK Activation. [Abstract]2025 Nov 5:e13956. PMID: 41194405 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
VDR Activation Attenuates Renal Tubular Epithelial Cell Ferroptosis by Regulating Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway in Diabetic Nephropathy. [Abstract]2024 Mar;11(10):e2305563. PMID: 38145959
Trigonelline purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024 Mar;11(10):e2305563. [Abstract]
Nrf2 deficiency eliminated the antiferroptotic effect of VDR. Trigonelline (Trig, 100 μM) was pretreated to HG‐cultured HK‐2 cells for 30 min. Western blotting and related densitometric analysis were applied to detect the expression levels of VDR, Nrf2, and HO‐1. β‐actin served as a loading control.
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Cell Rep
2026 Mar 24;45(3):117086. PMID: 41831232 -
J Agric Food Chem
Rosmarinic Acid Inhibits Platelet Aggregation and Neointimal Hyperplasia In Vivo and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Dedifferentiation, Proliferation, and Migration In Vitro via Activation of the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE Antioxidant System. [Abstract]2022 Jun 22;70(24):7420-7440. PMID: 35687823 -
J Ginseng Res
Ginsenoside F1 attenuates pirarubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by modulating Nrf2 and AKT/Bcl-2 signaling pathways. [Abstract]2023 Jan;47(1):106-116. PMID: 36644383
Trigonelline purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Ginseng Res. 2023 Jan;47(1):106-116. [Abstract]
Trigonelline (150 μM, 24 h). THP-induced oxidative stress in H9c2 cells and the effects of GF1. Representative levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH).
Trigonelline purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Ginseng Res. 2023 Jan;47(1):106-116. [Abstract]
Trigonelline (150 μM, 24 h). Representative Nrf2 levels in nucleus; Lamin B was used as an internal control in nucleus; Nrf2, keap1, HO-1, Gst, and GCLM protein expression in cytoplasm; GAPDH was utilized as an internal control in cytoplasm.
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Int J Mol Sci
Berberine Alleviates Doxorubicin-Induced Myocardial Injury and Fibrosis by Eliminating Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Damage via Promoting Nrf-2 Pathway Activation. [Abstract]2023 Feb 7;24(4):3257. PMID: 36834687
Trigonelline purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Feb 7;24(4):3257. [Abstract]
The inhibitor of NRF2 suppressed the protective effect of Ber on cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes were treated with the NRF2 inhibitor trigonelline (TRI) 30 min prior to DOX and Ber stimulation. The levels of cytoplasmic HO-1 and mitochondrial TFAM in cardiomyocytes were measured by Western blotting. Quantitative analysis of the relative protein levels is shown on the right-hand side of the images.
Trigonelline purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Feb 7;24(4):3257. [Abstract]
The inhibitor of NRF2 suppressed the protective effect of Ber on cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes were treated with the NRF2 inhibitor trigonelline (TRI) 30 min prior to DOX and Ber stimulation. Representative photomicrographs TUNEL-stained sections (left). The rate of apoptosis was expressed as the ratio of TUNEL-positive cardiomyocyte nuclei (green) to total number of cardiomyocyte nuclei (blue). The numbers of apoptotic cells were counted in five randomly selected fields for each sample (right). The scale bar represents 50 μm.
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Vet Microbiol
The Chinese medicine monomer Schisandrin C inhibits PRRSV infection by regulating the OGT-PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. [Abstract]2026 May:316:110992. PMID: 41865607 -
Solvent & Solubility
H2O : ≥ 100 mg/mL (729.18 mM)
DMSO : 7.14 mg/mL (52.06 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
* "≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 0.71 mg/mL (5.18 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 0.71 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (7.1 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 0.71 mg/mL (5.18 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 0.71 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (7.1 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
Protocol
The H9c2 cells are seeded in the 96 well at a density of 1×105 cells/well. The cells are treated with different concentrations of Trigonelline (TG) (25 to 150 μM) and hydrogen peroxide (25 to 125 μM). It is incubated at 37°C in 5% CO2 incubator for 24 h and 6 h respectively and then the culture is treated with the water soluble tetrazolium (WST) reagent incubated for 2 h to 4 h. The living cells absorb the WST then it is converted into an orange colour product. Then, the intensity of colour is measured at 450 nm using spectra count ELISA reader. For cardio protective activity, the cells are seeded and separated into six groups control, H2O2 alone, the rest of groups’ initially exposed to different concentration (25 to 125 μM) of Trigonelline for 48 hours. Then, 100 μM of H2O2 is added and incubated for 4 hours, after, read the absorbance at 450 nm for cell viability assay[1].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Three-month-old female Wistar rats are used in this study. The animals are divided into five groups (n=10): Control rats, Streptozotocin-treated control rats, Streptozotocin-treated rats receiving Trigonelline (50 mg/kg p.o. daily), Nicotinamide/streptozotocin-treated control rats, and Nicotinamide/streptozotocin-treated rats receiving Trigonelline (50 mg/kg p.o. daily). Administration of Trigonelline starts two weeks after streptozotocin and lasts four weeks. Trigonelline is administered once daily by a stomach tube. All control rats receive tap water (the vehicle) at the same volume of 2 mL/kg p.o. The four-week period of Trigonelline administration is long enough to demonstrate skeletal effects of Trigonelline and other compounds of plant origin in rats. The rats are fasted overnight after the last Trigonelline or vehicle administration. The next day, the blood glucose level is measured and the rats are anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine, and then sacrificed by cardiac exsanguination[2].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (281 KB)
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SDS (393 KB)
- English - EN (393 KB)
- Français - FR (393 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (393 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (393 KB)
- Español - ES (393 KB)
- Swedish - SV (393 KB)
- Italian - IT (393 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (393 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Ilavenil S, et al. Trigonelline protects the cardiocyte from hydrogen peroxide induced apoptosis in H9c2 cells. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2015 Apr;8(4):263-8. [Content Brief]
[2]. Joanna Folwarczna, et al. Effects of Trigonelline, an Alkaloid Present in Coffee, on Diabetes-Induced Disorders in the Rat Skeletal System. Nutrients. 2016 Mar; 8(3): 133. [Content Brief]
[3]. A Arlt, et al. Inhibition of the Nrf2 transcription factor by the alkaloid trigonelline renders pancreatic cancer cells more susceptible to apoptosis through decreased proteasomal gene expression and proteasome activity. Oncogene. 2013 Oct;32(40):4825-35. [Content Brief]
[4]. Ozçelik B, et al. Cytotoxicity, antiviral and antimicrobial activities of alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Pharm Biol. 2011 Apr;49(4):396-402. [Content Brief]
[5]. Su Y, et al. Ferroptosis, a novel pharmacological mechanism of anti-cancer drugs. Cancer Lett. 2020 Jul 28;483:127-136. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO / H2O | 1 mM | 7.2918 mL | 36.4591 mL | 72.9182 mL | 182.2955 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.4584 mL | 7.2918 mL | 14.5836 mL | 36.4591 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.7292 mL | 3.6459 mL | 7.2918 mL | 18.2295 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.4861 mL | 2.4306 mL | 4.8612 mL | 12.1530 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.3646 mL | 1.8230 mL | 3.6459 mL | 9.1148 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.2917 mL | 1.4584 mL | 2.9167 mL | 7.2918 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.2431 mL | 1.2153 mL | 2.4306 mL | 6.0765 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.1823 mL | 0.9115 mL | 1.8230 mL | 4.5574 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.1458 mL | 0.7292 mL | 1.4584 mL | 3.6459 mL | |
| H2O | 60 mM | 0.1215 mL | 0.6077 mL | 1.2153 mL | 3.0383 mL |
| 80 mM | 0.0911 mL | 0.4557 mL | 0.9115 mL | 2.2787 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0729 mL | 0.3646 mL | 0.7292 mL | 1.8230 mL |
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
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