Anemia

Sodium butyrate ((Butanoic acid; Butyric acid) sodium) is an orally active HDAC inhibitor. Sodium butyrate induces hyperacetylation of core histones and affects phosphorylation of H1/H2A, thereby altering chromatin structure and regulating gene expression. Sodium butyrate can be used in research related to various cancers, inflammatory bowel disease, and sickle cell anemia.

Pomalidomide (CC-4047) is an immunomodulatory agent. Pomalidomide downregulates TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-11, and IL-12, upregulates IL-2, IL-5, and IL-10, and costimulates T cells. Pomalidomide inhibits the proliferation of T regulatory cells by reducing FOXP3/OX-40 expression and IL-2-mediated expansion. Pomalidomide inhibits CDK2/4/6 and p21^WAF-1, causing cell cycle arrest. Pomalidomide can be used in research on myelofibrosis-associated anemia, multiple myeloma, and colorectal cancer.

Roxadustat is an orally active hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl-hydroxylase (PHD) inhibitor (HIF-PHI) that promotes erythropoiesis through increasing endogenous erythropoietin, improving iron regulation, and reducing hepcidin.

Folic acid (Vitamin B9) is a orally active essential nutrient from the B complex group of vitamins. Folic acid shows antidepressant-like effect. Folic acid sodium reduces the risk of neonatal neural tube defects. Folic acid can be used to the research of megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias due to folic deficiency.

PolQi2 is a PolΘ inhibitor that targets and inhibits alt-EJ (alternative end-joining) repair by inhibiting the helicase domain at the N-terminus of PolΘ. PolQi2 enhances the precision and integration efficiency of gene editing at different loci and in various cell lines. Furthermore, the combined use of PolQi2 with DNA-PK inhibitors reduces the off-target effects of Cas9. PolQi2 can be used in gene editing research.

Luspatercept (ACE-536) is a recombinant modified ActRIIB fusion protein that binds with transforming growth factor β superfamily ligands. Luspatercept increases the erythrocyte numbers and promotes maturation of erythroid precursors. Luspatercept binds with GDF11 and inhibits Smad2/3 signaling. Luspatercept can be used for the research of anemia.

Guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP) sodium, 96% (HPLC) is a nucleoside diphosphate that activates adenosine 5'-triphosphate-sensitive K⁺ channel. Guanosine 5'-diphosphate sodium, 96% (HPLC) is an iron mobilizer, which forms a complex with hepcidin to inhibit the hepcidin-ferroportin (FPN) interaction and modulates the IL-6/stat-3 pathway. Guanosine 5'-diphosphate sodium, 96% (HPLC) ameliorates the Turpentine-induced anemia of inflammation (AI) in mice when combined with FeSO₄. Guanosine 5'-diphosphate sodium, 96% (HPLC) can be used in the research of AI.

(R,R)-dWIZ-1 TFA is the (R,R) enantiomer of dWIZ-1 (HY-159098). dWIZ-1 is a potent WIZ molecular glue degrader. (R,R)-dWIZ-1 TFA can be used in studies related to sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia.

Guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP) disodium salt, a purine nucleoside diphosphate, is interconverted to guanosine by the action of exonucleotidase and phosphorylation of nucleoside to guanine. Guanosine 5'-diphosphate disodium salt activates adenosine 5'-triphosphate-sensitive K⁺ channel and is used to study the kinetics and characteristics of GTPases such as those associated with G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR). Guanosine 5'-diphosphate disodium salt is a potential iron mobilizer, which prevents the Hepcidin (HY-P70400)-ferroportin interaction and modulates the interleukin-6 (IL-6)/stat-3 pathway. Elevated levels of guanosine 5’-diphosphate are associated with the pathogenesis of neurological diseases. Guanosine 5'-diphosphate disodium salt is promising for the research of inflammation, such as anemia of inflammation (AI).

Rituximab (anti-CD20) is an anti-CD20 chimeric monoclonal antibody used to treat certain autoimmune diseases and types of cancer.

Methylcobalamin (CH3-B12), a cobalamin, is a form of vitamin B12.

Daprodustat (GSK1278863) is an orally active hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH) inhibitor being developed for the treatment of anemia associated with chronic kidney disease.

Molidustat (BAY 85-3934) is an orally active inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH) with IC₅₀ values of 480 nM, 280 nM, and 450 nM for PHD1, PHD2, and PHD3, respectively. Molidustat can elevate the levels of circulating erythropoietin (EPO) to near-normal physiological ranges. Molidustat can be utilized in the research of renal anemia.

Ferric citrate (Iron(III) citrate), an orally active iron supplement, is an efficacious phosphate binder. Ferric citratee can be used for iron deficiency anemia and chronic kidney disease (CKD) research.

Mitapivat (AG-348) is an orally active pyruvate kinase allosteric activator. Mitapivat increases enzymatic activity, protein stability, and ATP levels over a broad range of PKLR genotypes, shows the potential to restore the activity of PK (pyruvate kinase)-deficient glycolytic pathways. Mitapivat can be used in study of PK deficiency.

Dextran (Dextran 40) has an inhibitory effect on thrombocyte aggregation and coagulation factors and is used as a plasma volume expander.

VIT-2763, an oral ferroportin inhibitor, inhibits hepcidin binding to ferroportin and blocks iron efflux. VIT-2763 has the potential in the treatment of β-thalassemia.

Siplizumab (MEDI-507) is a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody against CD2. Siplizumab depletes T cells, decreases T cell activation, inhibites T cell proliferation and enriches naïve and bona fide regulatory T cells.

Voxelotor (GBT 440) is a potent inhibitor of haemoglobin S (HbS) polymerization. Voxelotor has the potential for sickle cell disease (SCD) treatment.

Iron dextran (Fe dextran) can be used in the study of iron-deficiency anemia in animals.