Pharmacokinetics of Nivolumab and Erythropoietin in a Rat Model of Diet-Induced Obesity

  • Pharm Res. 2025 Feb;42(2):271-280. doi: 10.1007/s11095-025-03819-1.
Yi-Hua Sheng  1  2 ,  Celine Park  1  2 ,  Yae Eun Chong  1  2 ,  Christine Yohn  1  2 ,  Anna Siemiątkowska  1  3 ,  Katarzyna Kosicka-Noworzyń  1  3 ,  Amrit Kaur  1 ,  Karan Sapra  1 ,  Luigi Brunetti  1  4  2 ,  Leonid Kagan  5  6
Affiliations
  • 1. Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
  • 2. Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
  • 3. Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806, Poznań, Poland.
  • 4. Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
  • 5. Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA. [email protected].
  • 6. Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA. [email protected].
PMID: 39849218 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-025-03819-1
Abstract

Purpose: To investigate how Obesity affects the pharmacokinetics of biologics in a rat model.

Method: Male Long-Evans rats were fed a high-fat diet from the age of 3 weeks and development of Obesity was monitored by measuring body size and composition (fat and lean mass). The Animals received nivolumab (1 and 8 mg/kg) or Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO, 1000 IU/kg) by intravenous or subcutaneous injection. Serum samples were collected and analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Endogenous rat IgG was also measured in the nivolumab study. A standard noncompartmental analysis was performed to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters.

Results: When dosed at mg/kg of total body weight approach, no significant differences in pharmacokinetics of nivolumab and rHuEPO between lean and obese cohorts were observed despite significant differences in the body composition. Subcutaneous bioavailability of nivolumab was inversely dependent on the dose level.

Conclusions: Pharmacokinetic parameters of two biologics tested in this work were not affected by Obesity, and mg/kg dosing approach was necessary to achieve equivalent exposure in serum. The results were different from our previous findings of significant effect of Obesity on pharmacokinetics of human IgG in rats. Additional studies with other biologics are urgently needed in preclinical and clinical settings.

Keywords
biologics; body composition; monoclonal antibody; protein therapeutics; subcutaneous absorption.
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