Arrestin Inhibitor

Barbadin is a novel and selective β-arrestin/β2-adaptin interaction inhibitor, has IC₅₀ values of 19.1 μM for β-arrestin1 and 15.6 μM for β-arrestin2. Barbadin blocks agonist-promoted endocytosis of the prototypical β2-adrenergic, V2-vasopressin and angiotensin-II type-1 receptors. Barbadin can induce apoptosis.

ML221 is a potent apelin (APJ) functional antagonist, inhibiting apelin-13-mediated activation of APJ, with IC₅₀s of 0.70 μM in the cAMP assay, and 1.75 μM in the β-arrestin assay, and EC₈₀ of 10 nM in both assays.

SRI-37330 hydrochloride is an orally bioavailable thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) inhibitor. SRI-37330 hydrochloride inhibits glucagon secretion and function, reduces hepatic glucose production and reverses hepatic steatosis. SRI-37330 hydrochloride can be used for type 2 diabetes research.

SRI-37330 is an orally bioavailable thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) inhibitor. SRI-37330 inhibits glucagon secretion and function, reduces hepatic glucose production and reverses hepatic steatosis. SRI-37330 can be used for type 2 diabetes research.

TRV0109101 is a μ-opioid peptide receptor (MOPR) selective agonist (K_D = 70 nM) with blood-brain barrier permeability. TRV0109101 selectively promotes G protein signaling pathway coupling while reducing the recruitment of β-arrestin. TRV0109101 inhibits opioid-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and induces antinociceptive tolerance. TRV0109101 is applicable for pain-related research.

Monlunabant ((S)-MRI-1891) is an orally active antagonist for cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1), binds to hCB1 and hCB2 with K_i of 0.3 nM and 613 nM.

Forsythoside I is an orally active caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycoside (CPG) that can be isolated from Forsythia suspense (Thunb.) Vahl. Forsythoside I has anti-inflammatory activity and can exert a protective effect in a mouse model of acute lung injury.

TXNIP-IN-1 is TXNIP-TRX (thioredoxin-interacting protein- thioredoxin) complex inhibitor extracted from patent US20200085800A1, Compound 1. TXNIP-IN-1 can be used in the research of TXNIP-TRX complex associated metabolic disorder (diabetes), cardiovascular disease, or inflammatory disease.

CT-996 is an orally active GLP-1RA agonist with an EC₅₀ of 0.49 nM. CT-996 reduces the recruitment of β-arrestin and the internalization of GLP-1R. CT-996 suppresses postprandial blood glucose in mice expressing human GLP-1 receptors and enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in obese monkeys during intravenous glucose challenge. CT-996 can be used for the research of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity.

Balixafortide TFA (POL6326 TFA) is a potent, selective, well-tolerated peptidic CXCR4 antagonist with an IC₅₀ < 10 nM. Balixafortide TFA shows 1000-fold selective for CXCR4 than a large panel of receptors including CXCR7. Balixafortide TFA blocks β-arrestin recruitment and calcium flux with IC₅₀s < 10 nM. Balixafortide TFA is also a potent hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) mobilizing agent. Anti-cancer effects.

IDOR-1117-2520 is an orally active, potent, selective and reversible CCR6 antagonist. IDOR-1117-2520 antagonizes the CCL20-mediated calcium flow (IC₅₀ = 63 nM) and inhibits β-arrestin recruitment to human CCR6 (IC₅₀ = 30 nM) in cells expressing recombinant human CCR6. IDOR-1117-2520 is found to be a substrate of P-gp/MDR1. IDOR-1117-2520 can be used in the research of autoimmune diseases and skin inflammation.

SCH-900875 is an orally active, brain-penetrant and selective CXCR3 receptor inhibitor, which also shows high selectivity over CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors. SCH-900875 binds to CXCR3, blocking the binding of ligands CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11, inhibiting downstream G protein and β-arrestin signaling pathways to suppress inflammatory cell migration. SCH-900875 is promising for research of autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis) and inflammatory disorders (psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease).

Balixafortide (POL6326) is a potent, selective, well-tolerated peptidic CXCR4 antagonist with an IC₅₀ < 10 nM. Balixafortide shows 1000-fold selective for CXCR4 than a large panel of receptors including CXCR7. Balixafortide blocks β-arrestin recruitment and calcium flux with IC₅₀s < 10 nM. Balixafortide is also a potent hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) mobilizing agent. Anti-cancer effects.

Noribogaine hydrochloride is an orally active, blood-brain barrier permeable SERT inhibitor (IC₅₀=50-300 nM) and hERG channel blocker. Noribogaine hydrochloride enhances serotonergic transmission, activates the κ-opioid receptor (OPRK) G protein signaling pathway and inhibits β-arrestin recruitment. Meanwhile, Noribogaine hydrochloride blocks the μ-opioid receptor (OPRM) signaling pathway as well as ion channels associated with cardiac repolarization. Noribogaine hydrochloride induces neuritogenesis, upregulates GDNF mRNA expression, and modulates opioid tolerance. Noribogaine hydrochloride reduces alcohol-seeking behavior in experimental animals, and is widely used in studies related to depression, addiction, alcoholism, and cardiotoxicity.

ML192 is a selective ligand antagonist of GPR55. ML192 inhibits the β-arrestin trafficking, ERK1/2 phosphorylation and PKCβII translocation.

ELA-11(human), a peptide, is a full agonist of human apelin receptor, with a pK_i of 7.85. ELA-11(human) completely inhibits Forskolin-induced cAMP production and stimulates β-arrestin recruitment.

GPR35 agonist 2 (compound 11) is a potent agonist of GPR35, with EC₅₀s of 26 and 3.2 nM in the β-arrestin and Ca²⁺ release assay, respectively.

(S)-IDOR-1117-2520 is the S-isomer of IDOR-1117-2520 (HY-162495). IDOR-1117-2520 is an orally active, potent, selective and reversible CCR6 antagonist. IDOR-1117-2520 antagonizes the CCL20-mediated calcium flow (IC₅₀ = 63 nM) and inhibits β-arrestin recruitment to human CCR6 (IC₅₀ = 30 nM) in cells expressing recombinant human CCR6. IDOR-1117-2520 is found to be a substrate of P-gp/MDR1. IDOR-1117-2520 can be used in the research of autoimmune diseases and skin inflammation.

(R)-Verapamil (Dexverapamil) is an optically enantiomer of the oral-active Verapamil (HY-14275). (R)-Verapamil has a relatively low affinity for L-type calcium channels (Ca_v1.2) (IC₅₀ > 300 μM), and its IC₅₀ for sodium channels (sodium channel) is 3.19 μM. (R)-Verapamil exhibits SSTR2 agonistic activity, with an EC₅₀ of 1.3 μM. (R)-Verapamil significantly downregulates the expression of TXNIP protein in diabetic mouse models and significantly inhibits β-cell apoptosis (apoptosis), effectively controlling blood sugar. (R)-Verapamil can be used as a PET tracer for the function of P-glycoprotein (P-gp).

D1/D5 Receptor agonist-1 is a highly brain-penetrant and orally active D1/D5 receptor agonist. D1/D5 Receptor agonist-1 maintains considerable efficacy in the cAMP pathway and in β-arrestin recruitment, with EC₅₀s of 3.7 nM (D1R cAMP), 91 nM (D1R β-arrestin), 129 nM (D1R internalization) and a K_i of 111 nM (D1R binding affinity). D1/D5 Receptor agonist-1 inhibits β-arrestin signaling in a rat with L-DOPA (HY-N0304) induced dyskinesias. D1/D5 Receptor agonist-1 can be used for the study of Parkinson’s disease.