Gout

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH; Adrenocorticotrophic hormone) is a polypeptide tropic hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Adrenocorticotropic hormone regulates cortisol and androgen production. Adrenocorticotropic hormone can promote the development of spermatogenesis. Adrenocorticotropic hormone can relieve acute inflammation in gout models by inhibiting the polarization of macrophages to M1 type, inhibiting ROS and proinflammatory factor production and protecting mitochondrial function. Adrenocorticotropic hormone can be used for the researches of inflammation, endocrinology, metabolic disease, such as gout and nephrotic syndrome.

Uricase, Microorganism (Uox, Microorganism) is a uricase (urate oxidase) derived from Microorganism. Uricase, Microorganism converts uric acid into allantoin. The absence of Uricase in mammals causes kidney diseases resulting from uric acid accumulation. Uricase, Microorganism can be used for research on chronic refractory gout and hyperuricemia.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH; Adrenocorticotrophic hormone) TFA is a polypeptide tropic hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. Adrenocorticotropic hormone TFA stimulates cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Adrenocorticotropic hormone TFA regulates cortisol and androgen production. Adrenocorticotropic hormone TFA can promote the development of spermatogenesis. Adrenocorticotropic hormone TFA can relieve acute inflammation in gout models by inhibiting the polarization of macrophages to M1 type, inhibiting ROS and proinflammatory factor production and protecting mitochondrial function. Adrenocorticotropic hormone TFA can be used for the researches of inflammation, endocrinology, metabolic disease, such as gout and nephrotic syndrome.

Ulodesine (BCX4208) is a purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) inhibitor, with an IC₅₀ of 2.293 nM against human PNP, and low nanomolar IC₅₀ values against mouse, rat and monkey PNP. Ulodesine blocks the production of uric acid precursors, reduces serum uric acid levels, clears accumulated uric acid in the blood, and elevates the levels of purine nucleosides including guanosine. Ulodesine reduces the counts of total lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and lymphocyte subsets, inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells and activated lymphocytes, and enhances vaccine immune responses. Ulodesine can be used in research related to hyperuricemia and gout.

Antrafenine (Stakane) is a derivative of 2-(quinolin-4-ylamino) benzoate, and is an orally active anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent. Antrafenine protects mammalian epithelial cells from cell death upon exposure to influenza A virus A/WSN/33 (H1N1). Antrafenine inhibits carrageenan-induced paw swelling in rats, and reduces exudate volume and total leukocyte infiltration in carrageenan- and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal-induced pleurisy in rats. Antrafenine can be used in studies related to influenza and pseudogout.

Z1456467176 is an allosteric inhibitor of P2X7R. Z1456467176 binds to P2X7R, prevents ATP-induced channel opening and receptor activation, and blocks ATP-induced activation of the NLRP3-caspase-1-IL-1β pathway. Z1456467176 inhibits ATP-induced P2X7R pore formation in macrophages, as well as IL-1β secretion induced by ATP or BzATP. Z1456467176 alleviates gouty joint inflammation in rats. Z1456467176 can be used for the research of gouty arthritis.

URAT1/GLUT9-IN-3 is an orally active URAT1/GLUT9 dual inhibitor with IC₅₀ values of 4.01 and 1.60 μM. URAT1/GLUT9-IN-3 inhibits URAT1-mediated uric acid uptake and GLUT9-mediated uric acid transport, reducing renal urate reabsorption. URAT1/GLUT9-IN-3 reduces serum uric acid levels in hyperuricemic mice. URAT1/GLUT9-IN-3 can be used for the researches of gout and hyperuricemia.

PDE4-IN-33 is a phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor. PDE4-IN-33 reduces uric acid levels. PDE4-IN-33 PDE4-IN-33 can be used for the research of hyperuricemia and gout.

Uricase (Recombinant) (Uox (Recombinant)) is a uricase (urate oxidase). Uricase (Recombinant) converts uric acid into allantoin. The deficiency of Uricase in mammals causes kidney diseases resulting from uric acid accumulation. Uricase (Recombinant) can be used for research on chronic refractory gout and hyperuricemia.

Strictinin is an orally active phenolic compound. Strictinin reduces xanthine oxidase activity, uric acid production, and the activation of ERK1/2, JNK, NF-κB, and NLRP3 inflammasome components in hepatocytes treated with Xanthine (HY-W017389). Strictinin decreases elevated serum uric acid levels and enhanced xanthine oxidase activity in mice treated with potassium oxonate. Strictinin acts as a ROR1 inhibitor and exhibits anticancer activity against highly aggressive non-androgen-dependent prostate cancer. Strictinin induces cancer cell apoptosis (apoptosis), arrests cell cycle, and inhibits cancer cell migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Strictinin modulates gut microbiota, inhibits bacterial growth and biofilm formation, accelerates small intestinal transit, and blocks viral entry and replication. Strictinin can be used in research related to hyperuricemia, androgen receptor-negative non-androgen-dependent prostate cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, bacterial infections, constipation, coronavirus infections, dental caries, and infections caused by influenza A, influenza B, and human parainfluenza virus type 1.

Xininurad is a potent orally active URAT1 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 7.17 nM. Xininurad inhibits URAT1 activity to reduce serum uric acid levels and increase urinary uric acid excretion. Xininurad can be used for the research of hyperuricemia and gout.

Procyanidin B2 3′-O-gallate (B2-3′-G), isolated from Rhodiola crenulata extracts, is a potent xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor (IC₅₀ = 24.24 μM, K_i = 6.16 μM). Procyanidin B2 3′-O-gallate has antioxidant activity and reduces the formation of UV-induced α-tocopheroxyl. Procyanidin B2 3′-O-gallate can be used for hyperuricemia and gout research.

Uricase, candida utilis (Uox, candida utilis) is a uricase (urate oxidase) derived from Candida utilis. Uricase, candida utilis converts uric acid into allantoin. The absence of Uricase in mammals causes kidney diseases resulting from uric acid accumulation. Uricase, candida utilis can be used for research on chronic refractory gout and hyperuricemia.

7DG (7-Desacetoxy-6,7-dehydrogedunin) is a PKR inhibitor, P2X7 purinergic receptor inhibitor, and skin-lightening agent. 7DG binds outside the ATP-catalytic domain of PKR, blocks the kinase activity-independent protein-protein interactions of PKR, inhibits the phosphorylation and activity of PKR, disrupts ASC assembly and caspase-1 activation, and suppresses the activation of the NLRP1 inflammasome. 7DG inhibits pyroptosis, suppresses the ATP-P2X7 signaling pathway, and abolishes ATP-induced increases in the expression levels of MITF, tyrosinase, PMEL/gp100, and melanin content. 7DG exerts skin-lightening effects in cultured skin in vitro. 7DG can be used in research related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, gout, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and hyperpigmentary skin disorders.

Benziodarone is a potent inhibitor of S-arylglutathione transferase enzyme system. Benziodarone catalyzes BSP conjugation with GSH. Benziodarone inhibits biliary excretion of synthetic BSP-GSH conjugates.

NLRP3-IN-87 is a selective and orally active NLRP3 inhibitor with a K_d of 0.23 μM. NLRP3-IN-87 binds directly to the NLRP3 NACHT domain, disrupts NLRP3-NEK7 and NLRP3-ASC interactions, inhibits ASC oligomerization, and blocks inflammasome assembly. NLRP3-IN-87 suppresses caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion. NLRP3-IN-87 exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity, reducing joint swelling, inflammation, and pain in an MSU (HY-B2130A)-induced acute gout mouse model. NLRP3-IN-87 can be used for the research of gout.

Uricase, Candida sp. (Uox, Candida sp.) is a uricase (urate oxidase) derived from Candida sp.. Uricase, Candida sp. converts uric acid into allantoin. The absence of Uricase in mammals causes kidney diseases resulting from uric acid accumulation. Uricase, Candida sp. can be used for research on chronic refractory gout and hyperuricemia.

GDC-2394 (Compound 20) sodium is an orally active and selective NLRP3 inhibitor, and also inhibits IL-1β with IC₅₀s of 0.4 μM (human IL-1β) and 0.1 μM (mouse IL-1β). GDC-2394 sodium inhibits NLRP3-induced caspase-1 activity without inhibiting NLRC4-dependent inflammasome activation. GDC-2394 sodium could be used to study gouty arthritis.

PPARγ agonist-21 (Compound 9a) is a PPARγ agonist with an EC₅₀ of 3.12 μM. PPARγ agonist-21 activates PPAR-γ to inhibit NF-κB and attenuate NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. PPARγ agonist-21 blocks NLRP3-ASC and NLRP3-NEK7 interaction. PPARγ agonist-21 attenuates the severity of gouty arthritis.

Xanthine oxidase-IN-20 is a potent and orally active xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 1.7 nM. Xanthine oxidase-IN-20 exhibits outstanding serum uric acid (SUA)-lowering efficacy in both mouse and rat acute hyperuricemia models. Xanthine oxidase-IN-20 shows favorable safety profile. Xanthine oxidase-IN-20 can be used for hyperuricemia and gout research.