Lotus tetragonolobus lectin

This protocol assesses nephrotoxicity by combining functional kidney injury readouts, urinary/tissue injury biomarkers, and renal histopathology. Serum creatinine and BUN reflect impaired kidney function, while KIM-1, NGAL, clusterin, osteopontin, IL-18, cystatin C, nephrin, Oat5, urinary protein, glucose, and alkaline phosphatase have been used to detect tubular injury in cisplatin-, gentamicin-, and acetaminophen-induced nephrotoxicity models.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia is a widely used in vivo model of acute systemic inflammation in which LPS, a Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, activates innate immune signaling primarily through TLR4, leading to rapid and transient induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in circulation and tissues. This cytokine surge is commonly used as a measurable readout of systemic inflammatory activation and immune dysregulation, and is typically assessed within hours after intraperitoneal LPS administration in mouse models of endotoxemia. The model captures key features of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, including cytokine release, immune cell activation, and downstream tissue responses, and has been used to evaluate anti-inflammatory interventions such as cytokine modulation, lipid mediators, and immune cell-targeting therapies.

Cell migration is a method that plays an important role in wound healing, cell differentiation, embryonic development, etc.

Hematoxylin-eosin staining is a routine histological method that stains nuclei mainly blue-purple with hemalum and stains cytoplasm, extracellular matrix, and many stromal components pink with eosin, allowing tissue architecture, cell morphology, necrosis, inflammation, fibrosis, tumor growth pattern, and treatment-associated injury to be evaluated by light microscopy. In cancer cells, primary neurons, mouse tumor models, intestinal organoids, inflammatory macrophage preparations, and drug-screening tissues, H&E is a morphology assay rather than a molecular assay; it should be interpreted with complementary molecular or immunostaining assays when the biological question concerns specific proteins, RNA levels, ferroptosis, mitophagy, or immune phenotypes.