MIP-1 gamma/CCL9/CCL10

CCL9/CCL10, also known as macrophage inflammatory protein 1 γ (MIP-1γ) and macrophage inflammatory protein-related protein 2 (MRP-2), are small cytokines belonging to the CC chemokine family. CCL9/CCL10 are located on mouse chromosome 11 and are expressed constitutively mainly in macrophages and bone marrow cells. Among the CC chemokine family members, mouse CCL9 has 45, 24 and 20% aa sequence homology with mouse CCL6 (C10), CCL3 (MIP-1α) and CCL4 (MIP-1β), respectively. CCL9 can bind to the chemokine cell surface receptor CCR1 and is involved in the functional regulation of osteoclasts. The CCL9/CCR1 signaling pathway is important for the recruitment of myeloid progenitor cells to intestinal tumors, which leads to enhanced invasion of intestinal tumors. In the H22 hepatocellular carcinoma model, CCL9 secreted by splenic macrophages can induce the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in the spleen in a CCR1-dependent manner. In addition, CCL9 is highly induced in pre-metastatic lungs of tumor-bearing mice or in immature myeloid cells co-cultured with tumor cells and plays a key role in the survival of tumor cells at metastatic sites^[1][2][3].

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