Search Result
Results for "
Minimum inhibitory concentration
" in MedChemExpress (MCE) Product Catalog:
1
Isotope-Labeled Compounds
| Cat. No. |
Product Name |
Target |
Research Areas |
Chemical Structure |
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- HY-B1325
-
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Bacterial
Antibiotic
|
Infection
Inflammation/Immunology
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Cefuroxime axetil is an orally effective broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic that targets bacterial penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs, such as PBP3 and PBP1). Cefuroxime axetil inhibits cell wall synthesis, leading to bacterial lysis and death, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.12-4 mg/L for non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). Cefuroxime axetil is hydrolyzed by esterase to the active ingredient Cefuroxime (HY-B1256A) after oral absorption. Topical administration of Cefuroxime via bioadhesive nanoparticles (BNPs) can prolong the drug's retention time in the middle ear (≥7 days). Cefuroxime axetil can be used in the study of otitis media (especially NTHi infection). Cefuroxime axetil can achieve precise antibacterial effects through oral or topical nano-delivery systems, reducing systemic exposure and the risk of antibiotic resistance .
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-
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- HY-122485
-
|
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Bacterial
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Infection
|
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α-Copaene is a potent attractant for male Mediterranean fruit flies Ceratitis capitata.α-Copaene can be found as a minor component in the essential oils of various plant species. α-Copaene can inhibit bacterial growth with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.5-1 μL/mL. α-Copaene suppresses biofilm formation by decreasing the hydrophobicity of the cell surface. α-Copaene can be used as an oviposition promoter of Bactrocera oleae .
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-
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- HY-125747
-
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Actinomycin V (purity≥85%)
|
Bacterial
Antibiotic
Apoptosis
|
Infection
Cancer
|
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Actinomycin X2 (Actinomycin V), produced by many Streptomyces sp., shows strong inhibition of MRSA with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 0.25 μg/mL. Actinomycin X2 can be used for cancer and bacterial infection .
|
-
-
- HY-23155
-
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2-PE ITC
|
Fungal
|
Infection
|
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2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate is a potent antifungal agent. 2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate significantly inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata, with a MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of 1.22 mM. The antifungal effect of 2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate against Alternaria alternate might be via reduction in toxin content and breakdown of cell membrane integrity .
|
-
-
- HY-132191
-
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Fungal
SARS-CoV
HIV
|
Infection
|
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Pradimicin A is a potent antifungal agent with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4 μg/mL against Candida rugosa. Pradimicin A exhibits antiviral activity against SARS-CoV, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other enveloped viruses. Pradimicin A exerts its fungicidal activity through a Ca 2+-dependent mechanism, which induces fungal lysis. Pradimicin A can be used in research related to fungal infections, HIV infections and COVID-19 .
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-
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- HY-N0930B
-
|
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AMPK
Bacterial
|
Infection
Metabolic Disease
|
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Galegine hydrochloride, a guanidine derivative, contributes to weight loss in mice. Guanidine hydrochloride is the compound derived from G. officinalis, which gave rise to the biguanides, metformin and phenformin. Galegine hydrochloride activates AMPK in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and L6 myotubes, as well as in the H4IIE rat hepatoma and HEK293 human kidney cell lines. Galegine hydrochloride has antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration of 4 mg/L against Staphylococcus aureus strains .
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-
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- HY-N0930A
-
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AMPK
Bacterial
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Infection
Metabolic Disease
|
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Galegine hemisulfate, a guanidine derivative, contributes to weight loss in mice. Galegine hemisulfate activates AMPK in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and L6 myotubes, as well as in the H4IIE rat hepatoma and HEK293 human kidney cell lines. Galegine hemisulfate has antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration of 4 mg/L against Staphylococcus aureus strains .
|
-
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- HY-N3346
-
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10-epi-Eucarobustol F
|
Bacterial
|
Infection
|
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Macrocarpal A (10-epi-Eucarobustol F) is an antibacterial agent, which can be isolated from the leaves of Eucalyptus macrocarpa. Macrocarpal A inhibits the growth of Bacillus subtilis PCI219 (minimum inhibitory concentration below 0.2 µM) and Staphylococcus aureus FDA209P (minimum inhibitory concentration is 0.4 µM) .
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-
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- HY-162959
-
|
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Bacterial
Topoisomerase
DNA/RNA Synthesis
|
Infection
|
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BWC0977 is an antibacterial agent that inhibits bacterial DNA replication via inhibition of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. BWC0977 exhibits a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90) of 0.03-2 µg/mL against MDR (Multi-Drug Resistant) Gram-negative bacteria .
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-
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- HY-W015399
-
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Fungal
|
Infection
|
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4-Methylcinnamic acid is a cinnamic acid derivative with antifungal activity. 4-Methylcinnamic acid can overcome the tolerance of glutathione reductase mutants to 4-Methoxycinnamic acid (HY-N1387). When 4-Methylcinnamic acid is used in combination with traditional antifungal agents, it can reduce their minimum inhibitory concentrations. 4-Methylcinnamic acid can act as an intervention catalyst to enhance the efficacy of traditional antifungal agents and has application potential in targeting fungal cell wall disruption and controlling drug-resistant fungi .
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- HY-10979
-
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Bacterial
|
Infection
Inflammation/Immunology
|
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AN0128 is a boron-containing antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agent. AN0128 against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, P. acnes, B. subtilis with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 1, 0.5, 0.3, 1 μg/mL. AN0128 can be used for the research of periodontal disease and cutaneous diseases .
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- HY-W128705
-
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3-Phenyl-1H-indole
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Bacterial
|
Infection
|
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3-Phenylindole (3-phenyl-1H-indole) is an indole compound. 3-Phenylindole exhibits weak anti-tuberculosis activity with an MIC of 129.4 μM. 3-Phenylindole can be utilized in anti-tuberculosis research .
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-
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- HY-23155S
-
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2-PE ITC-d5
|
Fungal
|
Infection
|
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2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate-d5 isothiocyanate-d5 is the deuterium labeled 2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate[1]. 2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate is a potent antifungal agent. 2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate significantly inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata, with a MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of 1.22 mM. The antifungal effect of 2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate against Alternaria alternata might be via reduction in toxin content and breakdown of cell membrane integrity[2][3].
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- HY-U00380
-
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Antibiotic
Beta-lactamase
Bacterial
|
Infection
|
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Tigemonam is an orally active monobactam antibiotic with a Ki of 0.86 μM against Enterobacter cloacae P99 β-lactamase and 50.8 μM against Escherichia coli TEM-1 β-lactamase. Tigemonam binds to penicillin-binding proteins 1a, 3, and 4, inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, and exhibits bactericidal activity against aerobic gram-negative bacteria including Enterobacteriaceae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Tigemonam resists hydrolysis by multiple β-lactamase enzymes, reduces bacterial load in systemic, pyelonephritic, lung, and thigh muscle infections in rodents, and shows minimal difference between minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations. Tigemonam can be used for the research of gram-negative bacterial infections, acute pyelonephritis, lung infection, and thigh muscle infection .
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- HY-P5737
-
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Bacterial
|
Infection
|
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ASP-1 is a strong antistaphylococcal peptide with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the purified peptide against S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) ranged from 2 μg/mL to 64 μg/mL .
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- HY-N8406
-
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Bacterial
Antibiotic
|
Infection
|
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Monomethylsulochrin is a potent antibacterial metabolite from endophytic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, isolated from Albizia lucidior leaves (fabaceae). Monomethylsulochrin exhibits anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 31.25 μg/mL .
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- HY-N12240
-
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Bacterial
|
Infection
|
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Oleanolic aldehyde is an antimicrobial compound used to inhibit oral bacteria. Oleanolic aldehyde inhibits Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, which are associated with dental caries and periodontal disease, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 488 μg/mL and 250 μg/mL, respectively .
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- HY-161797
-
|
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Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase
|
Infection
|
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Antibacterial agent 227 (Compd 29) is a SerRS (Seryl-tRNA synthetase) inhibitor. Antibacterial agent 227 has a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of planktonic and biofilm culture of Staphylococcus aureus 25923 with MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) value of 32 µg/ml. Antibacterial agent 227 can be proposed as effective antiseptic toward multidrug-resistant biofilm-forming S. aureus isolates .
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- HY-162959A
-
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Bacterial
Topoisomerase
DNA/RNA Synthesis
|
Infection
|
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BWC0977 formic is an antibacterial agent that inhibits bacterial DNA replication via inhibition of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. BWC0977 formic exhibits a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90) of 0.03-2 µg/mL against MDR (Multi-Drug Resistant) Gram-negative bacteria .
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-
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- HY-N3612
-
|
(+)-Communic acid
|
Bacterial
Akt
MMP
|
Infection
Inflammation/Immunology
|
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Communic acid ((+)-Communic acid) is a natural compound isolated from the branches of Platycladus orientalis. Communic acid displays minimum inhibitory concentration of 31 μM and IC50 of 15 μM against M. tuberculosis H37Ra.Communic acid exhibits protective effects against UVB-induced skin aging .
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-
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- HY-W004296
-
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Environmental Pollutants
Bacterial
|
Infection
|
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1-Heptadecanol is a long-chain primary alcohol and antibacterial agent. 1-Heptadecanol can be isolated from Solena amplexicaulis. 1-Heptadecanol exhibits antibacterial activity against Salmonella gallinarum with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 15.08 μg/mL. 1-Heptadecanol can be used in the research of dandruff caused by Malassezia furfur .
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- HY-102009
-
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Bacterial
|
Infection
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BB-83698 is a peptide deformylase (PDF) inhibitor. BB-83698 exhibits potent in vitro activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of 0.06-0.25μg/mL. BB-83698 elevates the survival rate of mice regardless of whether the infecting strain carries resistance mechanisms. BB-83698 can be used for the study of diseases related to drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae infections .
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- HY-144381
-
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Bacterial
|
Infection
|
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Glutamate-5-kinase-IN-1 (compound 50) is a potent glutamate-5-kinase (G5K) inhibitor with an MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of 4.1 μM. Glutamate-5-kinase-IN-1 shows G5K inhibition by alters the ATP binding site architecture for enzyme recognition. Glutamate-5-kinase-IN-1 has the potential for the research of anti-TB agents .
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- HY-23155R
-
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2-PE ITC (Standard)
|
Fungal
Reference Standards
|
Infection
|
|
2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate (Standard) is the analytical standard of 2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate is a potent antifungal agent. 2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate significantly inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata, with a MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of 1.22 mM. The antifungal effect of 2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate against Alternaria alternate might be via reduction in toxin content and breakdown of cell membrane integrity .
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- HY-149155
-
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Bacterial
|
Infection
|
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o-Cymen-5-ol is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent with direct antimicrobial activity. o-Cymen-5-ol showed effective minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against a variety of bacteria and fungi, such as Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. The combination of o-Cymen-5-ol and zinc showed synergistic effects, enhancing the inhibitory effect against oral pathogens. o-Cymen-5-ol was able to inhibit the glycolysis process and co-enhanced this effect with zinc. o-Cymen-5-ol showed a stronger antibacterial effect in toothpaste than placebo .
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- HY-W923644
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Aegelinol; (-)-Smyrinol
|
Bacterial
|
Infection
|
|
(-)-Decursinol (Aegelinol; (-)-Smyrinol) is a natural pyranocoumarin compound tant can be isolated from the roots of Apiaceae plants such as Ferulago campestris. (-)-Decursinol inhibits both Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 13709, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 14428) and Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella typhii ATCC 19430, Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 10699, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048) with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 16 to 64 μg/mL. (-)-Decursinol possesses antioxidant activity. (-)-Decursinol can be used for the study of bacterial infections .
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- HY-13588A
-
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SCE-129
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Bacterial
Antibiotic
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Others
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Cefsulodin (SCE-129) showed potent activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and strains susceptible to penicillin and gentamicin, with effectiveness comparable to that of gentamicin and debendazole. However, its effectiveness was diminished against penicillin-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa, particularly strains that were also resistant to gentamicin. For P. aeruginosa maltofila, SCE-129 showed similar minimum inhibitory concentrations to penicillin, gentamicin, and debendazole. Pseudomonas cepacia strains generally showed moderate resistance to SCE-129 and penicillin, and high resistance to gentamicin and debendazole .
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- HY-144727
-
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Bacterial
TNF Receptor
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Infection
Inflammation/Immunology
|
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Anti-inflammatory agent 11 (compound 16) is a potent antimycobacterial and anti-inflammatory agent. Anti-inflammatory agent 11 inhibits Mtb H37Rv and M299 growth, with MIC50 (minimum inhibitory concentration 50%) of 1.3 and 6.9 μM, respectively. Anti-inflammatory agent 11 inhibits NO through the suppression of iNOS expression, and also inhibited the production of TNF-α and IL-1β. Anti-inflammatory agent 11 can be used for tuberculosis (TB) research .
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- HY-N3887
-
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Haplophytin B; Haplophytine B
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Bacterial
|
Infection
|
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Evoxine (Haplophytin B) is a compound that selectively inhibits CO2-induced immunosuppression and has activity in inhibiting the expression of interleukin-6 and chemokine CCL2 in human THP-1 macrophages. Evoxine shows antimicrobial activity against a wide range of bacteria, especially performing well in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Evoxine extracts may find application in crude drug preparations in West Africa, provided that their in vivo toxicity results are negative .
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-
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- HY-N10156
-
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Na+/H+ Exchanger (NHE)
Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
NO Synthase
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Inflammation/Immunology
|
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1,3,5-Trihydroxy-4-prenylxanthone is a Na +/H + exchange system inhibitor with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 10 μg/mL . 1,3,5-Trihydroxy-4-prenylxanthone is a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor with an IC50 value of 3.0 μM . 1,3,5-Trihydroxy-4-prenylxanthone inhibits Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (HY-D1056)-induced NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages, and has anti-inflammatory activities .
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- HY-178330
-
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Others
Topoisomerase
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Infection
|
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IKE16 is a fungi-selective eukaryotic topoisomerase II inhibitor, with an IC50 value of 13.68 μM. IKE16 suppresses both the DNA relaxation activity and the decatenation activity of yTOPOII selectively. IKE16 shows moderate activity against standard fungal strains (Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 89763) with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 μg/mL against S. cerevisiae ATCC 89763. IKE16 exhibits high cytotoxicity against human cells, with an EC50 of 0.07 μM in HepG2 and 0.045 μM in HEK-293. IKE16 can be used for the study of antifungal infection .
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- HY-139713
-
|
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Fungal
|
Infection
|
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Antifungal agent 14 exhibits broad-spectrum activity against the fungal strains with excellent minimum inhibitory concentration values.
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-
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- HY-N10278
-
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Others
|
Others
|
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Pycnophorin significantly inhibits the growth of Bacillus subtilis and Staphyloccocus aureus with equal minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 25 μM.
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-
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- HY-N12600
-
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Bacterial
|
Infection
|
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Thiolopyrrolone A (compound 1) exhibits antibacterial activities against BCG, M. tuberculosis and S. aureus with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 10, 10 and 100 μg/mL, respectively .
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-
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- HY-161049
-
|
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Fungal
|
Infection
|
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Antifungal agent 89 (compound 28) is a antifungal agent against Cryptococcus neoformans with minimum inhibitory concentration value ranging from 0.8 to 52.17 μM .
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-
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- HY-P1602
-
|
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Bacterial
|
Infection
|
|
Apidaecin IB is a insect antimicrobial peptide, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8 μM for E. coli (ML35, O18K1H7 and ATCC 25922).
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-
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- HY-171540
-
|
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Fungal
|
Infection
|
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AnCDA-IN-1 (Compound J075-4187) is an inhibitor of chitin deacetylase (CDA) with antifungal activity. It has an IC50 of 4.24 μM against AnCDA of A. nidulans, a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 260 μg/mL against food spoilage fungi and plant pathogenic fungi, and a minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 520 μg/mL. AnCDA-IN-1 can be used in the research of the antifungal field .
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-
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- HY-121294
-
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X 14547A
|
Antibiotic
|
Infection
|
|
Indanomycin is an antibiotic of the pyrroloketoindane class, which includes an unusual indane ring structure. It has bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of ≤0.2 μg/mL.
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-
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- HY-157027
-
|
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Fungal
|
Others
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Antifungal agent 85 (compound 24f) is a potent antibacterial compound with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values between 2.5 and 10 μM against various Gram-positive bacteria .
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-
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- HY-N14102
-
|
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Fungal
|
Infection
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Chlorflavonin has the activities of anti-aspergillus, yeast, botrytis, and other fungal. Among these fungi, anti-Aspergillus fumigatus activity is particularly strong, the minimum inhibitory concentration up to 0.08 μg/mL .
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-
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- HY-130753
-
|
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Bacterial
|
Infection
|
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JM 1397 is an antibacterial agent that exhibits potent antibacterial activity against both methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90) of 1 μg/mL . .
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-
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- HY-168109
-
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Antibiotic
Bacterial
|
Infection
|
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Antibacterial agent 246 (compound A33) is a antibacterial agent and has minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.5-4 μg/mL against twenty-three Gram-positive bacteria. Antibacterial agent 246 in combination with Polymyxin E(HY-113678) E inhibits the growth of various Gram-negative bacteria with the fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.066 .
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-
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- HY-162358
-
|
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Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)
Bacterial
|
Infection
|
|
DHFR-IN-17 (compound j9) is an oral active SaDHFR inhibitor with the IC50 of 0.97 nM. DHFR-IN-17 shows antibacterial activity against S. aureus with the minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.031 μg/mL .
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-
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- HY-173490
-
|
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Fungal
|
Infection
|
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Antifungal agent 131 (compound A20) is an antifungal compound with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 64 μg/mL. Antifungal agent 131 demonstrates excellent antifungal potential when used in combination with Fluconazole (HY-B0101) .
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-
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- HY-172263
-
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Antibiotic
Bacterial
|
Infection
|
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KU13 is an inhibitor of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of KU13 against Mycobacterium and E. coli are 0.032-8 μg/mL and 2 μg/mL, respectively. KU13 can be used for research in the field of anti-infection .
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-
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- HY-163630
-
|
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Bacterial
|
Infection
|
|
Antibacterial agent 217 (Compound 24) is a non-cytotoxic, non-hemolytic, moderately active antibacterial agent that inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus strains with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 32 μg/mL. Antibacterial agent 217 also moderately inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis .
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- HY-146373
-
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Bacterial
|
Infection
|
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The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of a new 2- (quinoline-4-methoxy) acetamide antituberculotic agent against the reference strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv was as low as 0.3 μ M. It also inhibited the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the macrophage model of tuberculosis infection.
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- HY-161404
-
|
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Bacterial
|
Infection
|
|
Antibacterial agent 202 (compound 45c) is a low cytotoxicity bacterial inhibitor with good activity against Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa, (MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration)=7.8-31.25 μM). Antibacterial agent 202 can exert antibacterial activity by destroying the integrity of cell membranes and can be used in the research of bacterial infections .
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-
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- HY-161922
-
|
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Bacterial
|
Infection
|
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Antibacterial agent 235 (compound thy2I) shows antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.5 μg/mL to 8 μg/mL. Antibacterial agent 235 could kill both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria via a membrane-targeting mechanism of action with a low frequency of resistance .
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-
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- HY-173240
-
|
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Bacterial
|
Infection
|
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IPMCL-28b is an antibacterial agent targeting the bacterial cell membrane. Its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 is 1.56 μg/mL, and the MIC against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is 6.25 μg/mL. IPMCL-28b is expected to be used in the research of the anti-infection field .
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- HY-130280
-
|
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Bacterial
|
Infection
|
|
Ianthelliformisamine A TFA is an antibiotic enhancer with activity against resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Ianthelliformisamine A TFA exhibits bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus with an IC50 value of 3.8 μM (minimum inhibitory concentration = 25 μM). The biological activity of Ianthelliformisamine A TFA is derived from the structural variation of its synthetic derivatives and its coupling reaction with different amino ester derivatives .
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- HY-W012088
-
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Myristoleic acid methyl ester; Methyl myristoleate; cis-9-Tetradecenoate methyl ester
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Bacterial
Apoptosis
|
Infection
|
|
(Z)-Methyl tetradec-9-enoate (Myristoleic acid methyl ester; Methyl myristoleate) is a cytotoxic component extracted from S. repens fruit extract. It induces apoptosis and necrosis in human prostate cancer LNCaP cells. In addition, (Z)-Methyl tetradec-9-enoate found in cheese-making byproducts inhibits Candida albicans germination with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 9 μM in vivo.
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- HY-13766A
-
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VX-853-2
|
Bacterial
|
Others
|
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Timcodar mesylate (VX-853-2) and its analog VX-710 are mammalian multidrug-resistant bacterial efflux pump inhibitors that directly inhibit ethidium bromide efflux in Staphylococcus aureus. Timcodar mesylate has the potential to enhance antibiotic activity by inhibiting bacterial efflux pumps, effectively reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration of some antibiotics against Gram-positive pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus and Streptococcus pneumoniae .
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- HY-162493
-
|
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Bacterial
|
Infection
|
|
MBL-IN-3 (compound 72922413) is a New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) inhibitor(IC50=54±4 μM). MBL-IN-3 is identified and shown to lower minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Meropenem (HY-13678) for a panel of E. coli and K. pneumoniae clinical isolates expressing NDM-1. MBL-IN-3 can be used for antibiotic sensitizer research .
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- HY-172773
-
|
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Bacterial
|
Infection
|
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PAA-38 is a highly potent selective inhibitor targeting bacterial prolyl-tRNA synthetase (ProRS). PAA-38 againsts Pseudomonas aeruginosa ProRS (PaProRS) with a Kd value of 0.399 nM and an IC50 value of 4.97 nM. PAA-38 againsts human cytoplasmic ProRSs (HsProRS) with an IC50 value of 35.5 nM. PAA-38 demonstrates an in vitro antibacterial activity of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 4-8 μg/mL .
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- HY-144382
-
|
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Bacterial
|
Infection
|
|
Glutamate-5-kinase-IN-2 (compound 54) is a potent glutamate-5-kinase (G5K) inhibitor with an MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of 4.2 μM. Glutamate-5-kinase-IN-2 shows G5K inhibition by promotes conformational changes at the L-glutamate binding site. Glutamate-5-kinase-IN-2 has the potential for the research of anti-TB agents .
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- HY-162672
-
|
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Bacterial
|
Infection
|
|
Antibacterial agent 231 (derivative 8) is an antimicrobial agent against multidrug-resistant Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.25–0.5 μg/mL. Antibacterial agent 231 directly targets the protein transposase subunit SecA and the outer membrane protein assembly factor BamD to inhibit the trafficking and assembly of bacterial outer membrane proteins (OMPs). Antibacterial agent 231 can be used to study the effects of antibiotic treatment on intestinal microbial balance .
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- HY-173277
-
|
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Bacterial
|
Infection
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|
FtsZ-IN-13 (Compound C11) is an inhibitor of temperature-sensitive mutant Z (FtsZ), with IC50 values of 47.97, 34 μM against FtsZSa and FtsZPa, respectively. FtsZ-IN-13 has a notable antimicrobial activity against S. aureus (minimum inhibitory concentration value of 2 μg/mL), cystic fibrosis S. aureus clinical isolates, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. FtsZ-IN-13 can be used for antimicrobial resistance study .
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- HY-W587414
-
|
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Bacterial
Antibiotic
|
Infection
|
|
Neospiramycin I is a macrolide antibiotic and a derivative of Spiramycin I (HY-N7141). Neospiramycin I is effective against the macrolide-sensitive KB210 strain of S. aureus, but ineffective against the macrolide-resistant KB224 strain, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 3.12 and greater than 100 µg/mL, respectively; it is also effective against B. cereus, B. subtilis, M. luteus, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae, with respective MIC values of 1.56, 3.12, 3.12, 0.2, 50, and 12.5 µg/mL. Neospiramycin I binds to the ribosomes of E. coli, with an inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) of 1.2 µM. It protects mice from death in a type III S. pneumoniae infection model, with an effective dose 50 (ED50) of 399.8 mg/kg .
|
-
- HY-144737
-
|
|
Bacterial
TNF Receptor
|
Infection
Inflammation/Immunology
|
|
Anti-inflammatory agent 15 (compound 29) is a potent antimycobacterial and anti-inflammatory agent. Anti-inflammatory agent 15 inhibits Mtb H37Rv and M299 growth, with MIC50 (minimum inhibitory concentration 50%) of 2.3 and 7.8 μM, respectively. Anti-inflammatory agent 15 inhibits NO through the suppression of iNOS expression, and also inhibited the production of TNF-α and IL-1β. Anti-inflammatory agent 15 can be used for tuberculosis (TB) research .
|
-
- HY-161823
-
|
|
Bacterial
|
Infection
|
|
Anti-MRSA agent 13 (Compound 9b) is an agent against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), exhibiting a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.5–2 μg/mL against clinically isolated MRSA strains. Anti-MRSA agent 13 possesses favorable biosafety, plasma tolerance stability, and a low tendency to develop resistance. Anti-MRSA agent 13 disrupts cell walls and membranes, reduces metabolic activity, causes oxidative damage, affects DNA function, and ultimately leads to MRSA death through multi-target synergies .
|
-
- HY-115693
-
|
|
Bacterial
|
Infection
|
|
CAP 3 is a cholic acid-peptide conjugate (CAP) antimicrobial agent. CAP 3 effectively inhibits Gram-negative bacteria, with MIC99 (minimum inhibitory concentration for 99% bacterial killing) values of 8 μM, 16 μM, and 16 μM against E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii, respectively. CAP 3 exerts its antibacterial effects by disrupting the structural integrity of the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) outer membrane. CAP 3 rapidly kills bacteria, inhibits biofilm formation, and effectively combats drug-resistant strains and persistent bacterial infections .
|
-
- HY-113703
-
|
|
Antibiotic
|
Cancer
|
|
PD117588 is a quinolone antibacterial agent with a broad range of antibacterial activity. PD117588 exhibits excellent activity against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria from cancer patients, especially against all Gram-positive strains, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococci, and Enterococci. PD117588 is also very effective against most Gram-negative bacilli, although ciprofloxacin shows stronger activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Compared with other quinolone antibiotics, the minimum inhibitory concentration of PD117588 outperforms most of the tested microorganisms, including imipenem and ceftazidime .
|
-
- HY-155007
-
|
|
Bacterial
|
Infection
|
|
DNA gyrase B-IN-2 (Compound E) is a 2-aminobenzothiazole-based DNA gyrase B inhibitor with promising activity against ESKAPE bacterial pathogens. DNA gyrase B-IN-2 showed low nanomolar inhibition of DNA gyrase (IC50 < 10 nM) and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against pathogens belonging to the ESKAPE group, with the minimum inhibitory concentration < 0.03 μg/mL for most Gram-positive strains and 4–16 μg/mL against Gram-negative E. coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.DNA gyrase B-IN-2 can be used for the research of infection .
|
-
- HY-125048
-
|
229-B; Streptothricin D
|
Bacterial
|
Infection
|
|
Racemomycin B (229-B; Streptothricin D), the main component from Streptomyces lavendulae OP-2, is a streptothricin antibiotic containing three β-lysine groups. RM-B exhibits antimicrobial activity against plant pathogenic microorganisms and effectively inhibits the growth of Brassica rapa L. roots at 50 ppm. RM-B showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.4 μg/ml against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci IFO-3508 and a MIC range of 0.1-2.0 μg/ml against six strains of Fusarium oxysporum, showing stronger antimicrobial activity than RM-A and RM-C. The biological activity of racemomycin compounds increases with the increase in the number of β-lysine groups.
|
-
- HY-14988
-
|
|
Bacterial
|
Infection
|
|
I-A09 and its derivatives, specifically 1,2,3-triazole-adamantylacetamide hybrids (5a–u), exhibit significant antitubercular activity. These hybrids were synthesized using copper-catalyzed click chemistry, combining bioactive fragments from antitubercular I-A09 and substituted adamantyl urea. The compound N-(1-adamantyl)-2-azido acetamide was reacted with various alkyl/aryl acetylenes to produce new analogues. Among them, N-(1-adamantan-1-yl)-2-(4-(phenanthren-2-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)acetamide (5t) showed the most promise with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.12 μg/mL against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, and a selectivity index greater than 15 .
|
-
- HY-W792760
-
|
|
Bacterial
|
Infection
|
|
(E)-2-(4-Cinnamoylphenoxy)acetic acid is an antimicrobial agent with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 125 μg/mL against Mycobacterium smegmatis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans .
|
-
- HY-137121
-
|
|
Bacterial
|
Infection
|
|
YKAs3003 is a potent inhibitor of Escherichia coli KAS III (ecKAS III) with antibacterial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of YKAs3003 against a variety of bacteria ranged from 128 to 256 μg/mL .
|
-
- HY-N9833
-
|
|
Bacterial
|
Infection
|
|
Sampsone B is a dihydrodibenzodioxinone-type antibacterial agent with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ≥128 μg/mL against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Sampsone B can be naturally extracted from the aerial parts (stems and leaves) of Hypericum sampsonii .
|
-
- HY-173205
-
|
|
Bacterial
|
Infection
|
|
Antimycobacterial agent - 11 (Compound QM7) is a bacteriostatic agent with anti-tuberculosis activity. Its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is 5.58 μg/mL. Antimycobacterial agent - 11 can be used in the research of the anti - infection field, especially in the field of tuberculosis .
|
-
- HY-179670
-
|
|
Bacterial
|
Infection
|
|
Antibacterial agent 304 (Compound 3a) is an antibacterial agent with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 8 μg/mL against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. This antibacterial agent has a bactericidal effect and can disrupt the integrity of the cell wall. Antibacterial agent 304 has the potential to be a sustainable organic photocatalyst .
|
-
- HY-124900
-
|
|
Fungal
|
Infection
Cancer
|
|
Tylophorinicine is an anti-leukemic and anti-fungal agent. Tylophorinicine exhibits minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) in the range of 2-4 mg/mL for TdnH and 0.6-2.5 mg/mL for TnnH against Candida species. Tylophorinicine is a phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid from tylophora asthamatica and pergulatia pallid. Tylophorinicine inhibits thymidylate synthase by pergularinine .
|
-
- HY-W748468
-
|
|
Drug Derivative
Bacterial
|
Infection
|
|
6-Isopentenyloxyisobergapten is a furanocoumarin found in the aerial parts of Semenovia transiliensis and the roots of Heracleum maximum. 6-Isopentenyloxyisobergapten has both selective phytotoxicity and antimycobacterial activity. 6-Isopentenyloxyisobergapten shows a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 166.5 μM and an IC50 of 27.4 μM against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra. 6-Isopentenyloxyisobergapten has an IC50 of 29 μM for the growth inhibition of Lemna paucicostata. 6-Isopentenyloxyisobergapten exhibits higher activity against Agrostis stolonifera than Lactuca sativa at a concentration of 1000 μM .
|
-
- HY-159796A
-
|
GR69153
|
Bacterial
Antibiotic
Glycosidase
|
Infection
Metabolic Disease
|
|
Ceftezole (GR69153) is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and an α-glucosidase inhibitor. Ceftezole inhibits bacterial cell lysis by inhibiting cell wall synthesis and binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Ceftezole exhibits in vivo anti-diabetic activity in diabetic mice. Ceftezole can be used in antibacterial and anti-diabetic research .
|
-
- HY-179611
-
|
|
Bacterial
|
Infection
|
|
LP-03 is an antibacterial agent with selective activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is 6.2 μM. LP-03 has an inhibitory effect on biofilm formation, but it is unable to effectively remove the formed biofilms. LP-03 can enhance membrane permeability, disrupt the membrane structure of MRSA cells, and does not cause significant membrane depolarization. LP-03 has no hemolytic toxicity and shows low mammalian cell toxicity. It can be used for research on MRSA infections .
|
-
- HY-P11398
-
|
|
Bacterial
HIV
Fungal
DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker
|
Infection
Cancer
|
|
Tachyplesin II is a broad-spectrum cationic antimicrobial peptide. Tachyplesin II has significant inhibitory effects on Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and some fungi. Tachyplesin II binds to bacterial membrane lipopolysaccharides through its positive charge, disrupting membrane integrity and causing leakage of cellular contents. Tachyplesin II can bind to DNA grooves, inhibiting microbial replication, and also suppressing HIV-1 replication and the proliferation of liver cancer cells .
|
-
- HY-N16699
-
|
|
Bacterial
|
Infection
|
|
4'-O-Methyl-8-prenylnaringenin is a prenylated flavonoid compound with antibacterial activity, which can be isolated from propolis of the Solomon Islands. 4'-O-Methyl-8-prenylnaringenin exerts its antibacterial activity by enhancing cell penetration and damaging bacterial cell membranes or cell walls. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are 32 μg/mL, 32 μg/mL, and 128 μg/mL, respectively .
|
-
- HY-W004296R
-
|
|
Bacterial
Reference Standards
|
Infection
|
|
1-Heptadecanol (Standard) is the analytical standard of 1-Heptadecanol (HY-W004296). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 1-Heptadecanol is a long-chain primary alcohol and antibacterial agent. 1-Heptadecanol can be isolated from Solena amplexicaulis. 1-Heptadecanol exhibits antibacterial activity against Salmonella gallinarum with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 15.08 μg/mL. 1-Heptadecanol can be used in the research of dandruff caused by Malassezia furfur .
|
-
- HY-N17442
-
|
|
Topoisomerase
Caspase
PARP
Fungal
DNA/RNA Synthesis
|
Infection
Cancer
|
|
Echinoside A is a saponin. Echinoside A can be isolated from sea cucumber. Echinoside A inhibits the catalytic activity of Top2α, reduces the noncovalent binding of Top2α to DNA. Echinoside A activates Caspase-3 and induces PARP cleavage. Echinoside A induces Apoptosis. Echinoside A has anticancer activity against prostate cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and S-180 sarcoma. Echinoside A exhibits antifungal activity against a variety of fungi, with a minimum growth inhibitory concentration range of 3.12 to 50.0 μg/mL, including potent activity against Aspergillus and Penicillium species .
|
-
- HY-B0368B
-
|
|
Beta-lactamase
Antibiotic
Bacterial
|
Infection
Inflammation/Immunology
|
|
D-Captopril is a NDM-1 inhibitor and a competitive BlaB inhibitor, with an IC50 value of 21.8 µM against NDM-1 and a Ki of 70-100 µM against BlaB. D-Captopril synergistically reduces the minimum inhibitory concentration of Meropenem (HY-13678) against NDM-1-expressing bacteria. D-Captopril binds to BcII via its thiolate sulfur atom and carboxylate group, altering metal ion occupancy and modulating Cd 2+ binding affinity. D-Captopril can be used in the research of neonatal meningitis, sepsis and bacterial infections .
|
-
- HY-W052289R
-
|
|
Endogenous Metabolite
Reference Standards
|
Cancer
|
|
Methyl 6-bromo-1H-indole-3-carboxylate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Methyl 6-bromo-1H-indole-3-carboxylate (HY-W052289). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Methyl 6-bromo-1H-indole-3-carboxylate is a marine-derived natural product with antitumor activity. Methyl 6-bromo-1H-indole-3-carboxylate showed growth inhibition against Staphylococcus epidermidis, exhibiting weak or moderate minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) .
|
-
| Cat. No. |
Product Name |
Target |
Research Area |
-
- HY-125747
-
|
Actinomycin V (purity≥85%)
|
Bacterial
Antibiotic
Apoptosis
|
Infection
Cancer
|
|
Actinomycin X2 (Actinomycin V), produced by many Streptomyces sp., shows strong inhibition of MRSA with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 0.25 μg/mL. Actinomycin X2 can be used for cancer and bacterial infection .
|
-
- HY-P5737
-
|
|
Bacterial
|
Infection
|
|
ASP-1 is a strong antistaphylococcal peptide with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the purified peptide against S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) ranged from 2 μg/mL to 64 μg/mL .
|
-
- HY-P11398
-
|
|
Bacterial
HIV
Fungal
DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker
|
Infection
Cancer
|
|
Tachyplesin II is a broad-spectrum cationic antimicrobial peptide. Tachyplesin II has significant inhibitory effects on Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and some fungi. Tachyplesin II binds to bacterial membrane lipopolysaccharides through its positive charge, disrupting membrane integrity and causing leakage of cellular contents. Tachyplesin II can bind to DNA grooves, inhibiting microbial replication, and also suppressing HIV-1 replication and the proliferation of liver cancer cells .
|
| Cat. No. |
Product Name |
Category |
Target |
Chemical Structure |
-
- HY-122485
-
-
-
- HY-N0930B
-
-
-
- HY-N3346
-
-
-
- HY-N8406
-
|
|
Microorganisms
Phenols
Source Classification
|
Bacterial
Antibiotic
|
|
Monomethylsulochrin is a potent antibacterial metabolite from endophytic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, isolated from Albizia lucidior leaves (fabaceae). Monomethylsulochrin exhibits anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 31.25 μg/mL .
|
-
-
- HY-N12240
-
-
-
- HY-N3612
-
|
(+)-Communic acid
|
Animals
Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids
Source Classification
|
Bacterial
Akt
MMP
|
|
Communic acid ((+)-Communic acid) is a natural compound isolated from the branches of Platycladus orientalis. Communic acid displays minimum inhibitory concentration of 31 μM and IC50 of 15 μM against M. tuberculosis H37Ra.Communic acid exhibits protective effects against UVB-induced skin aging .
|
-
-
- HY-W004296
-
-
-
- HY-W923644
-
|
Aegelinol; (-)-Smyrinol
|
Structural Classification
Wyethia glabra A.Gray
Coumarins
Phenylpropanoids
Umbelliferae
Plants
Source Classification
|
Bacterial
|
|
(-)-Decursinol (Aegelinol; (-)-Smyrinol) is a natural pyranocoumarin compound tant can be isolated from the roots of Apiaceae plants such as Ferulago campestris. (-)-Decursinol inhibits both Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 13709, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 14428) and Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella typhii ATCC 19430, Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 10699, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048) with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 16 to 64 μg/mL. (-)-Decursinol possesses antioxidant activity. (-)-Decursinol can be used for the study of bacterial infections .
|
-
-
- HY-N3887
-
|
Haplophytin B; Haplophytine B
|
Alkaloids
Other Alkaloids
Rutaceae
Plants
Haplophyllum acutifolium (DC.) G. Don
Source Classification
|
Bacterial
|
|
Evoxine (Haplophytin B) is a compound that selectively inhibits CO2-induced immunosuppression and has activity in inhibiting the expression of interleukin-6 and chemokine CCL2 in human THP-1 macrophages. Evoxine shows antimicrobial activity against a wide range of bacteria, especially performing well in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Evoxine extracts may find application in crude drug preparations in West Africa, provided that their in vivo toxicity results are negative .
|
-
-
- HY-N10156
-
-
-
- HY-N10278
-
-
-
- HY-N12600
-
-
-
- HY-N14102
-
-
-
- HY-125048
-
|
229-B; Streptothricin D
|
Natural Products
Microorganisms
Source Classification
|
Bacterial
|
|
Racemomycin B (229-B; Streptothricin D), the main component from Streptomyces lavendulae OP-2, is a streptothricin antibiotic containing three β-lysine groups. RM-B exhibits antimicrobial activity against plant pathogenic microorganisms and effectively inhibits the growth of Brassica rapa L. roots at 50 ppm. RM-B showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.4 μg/ml against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci IFO-3508 and a MIC range of 0.1-2.0 μg/ml against six strains of Fusarium oxysporum, showing stronger antimicrobial activity than RM-A and RM-C. The biological activity of racemomycin compounds increases with the increase in the number of β-lysine groups.
|
-
-
- HY-N9833
-
-
-
- HY-124900
-
-
-
- HY-W748468
-
|
|
Structural Classification
Semenovia transiliensis Regel & Herder
Apiaceae
Coumarins
Phenylpropanoids
Plants
Source Classification
|
Drug Derivative
Bacterial
|
|
6-Isopentenyloxyisobergapten is a furanocoumarin found in the aerial parts of Semenovia transiliensis and the roots of Heracleum maximum. 6-Isopentenyloxyisobergapten has both selective phytotoxicity and antimycobacterial activity. 6-Isopentenyloxyisobergapten shows a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 166.5 μM and an IC50 of 27.4 μM against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra. 6-Isopentenyloxyisobergapten has an IC50 of 29 μM for the growth inhibition of Lemna paucicostata. 6-Isopentenyloxyisobergapten exhibits higher activity against Agrostis stolonifera than Lactuca sativa at a concentration of 1000 μM .
|
-
-
- HY-N16699
-
|
|
Structural Classification
Flavonoids
Animals
Flavonones
Source Classification
|
Bacterial
|
|
4'-O-Methyl-8-prenylnaringenin is a prenylated flavonoid compound with antibacterial activity, which can be isolated from propolis of the Solomon Islands. 4'-O-Methyl-8-prenylnaringenin exerts its antibacterial activity by enhancing cell penetration and damaging bacterial cell membranes or cell walls. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are 32 μg/mL, 32 μg/mL, and 128 μg/mL, respectively .
|
-
-
- HY-W004296R
-
-
-
- HY-N17442
-
|
|
Triterpenes
Structural Classification
Polysaccharides
Animals
Terpenoids
Saccharides
Source Classification
|
Topoisomerase
Caspase
PARP
Fungal
DNA/RNA Synthesis
|
|
Echinoside A is a saponin. Echinoside A can be isolated from sea cucumber. Echinoside A inhibits the catalytic activity of Top2α, reduces the noncovalent binding of Top2α to DNA. Echinoside A activates Caspase-3 and induces PARP cleavage. Echinoside A induces Apoptosis. Echinoside A has anticancer activity against prostate cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and S-180 sarcoma. Echinoside A exhibits antifungal activity against a variety of fungi, with a minimum growth inhibitory concentration range of 3.12 to 50.0 μg/mL, including potent activity against Aspergillus and Penicillium species .
|
-
-
- HY-W052289R
-
-
| Cat. No. |
Product Name |
Chemical Structure |
-
- HY-23155S
-
|
|
|
2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate-d5 isothiocyanate-d5 is the deuterium labeled 2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate[1]. 2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate is a potent antifungal agent. 2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate significantly inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata, with a MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of 1.22 mM. The antifungal effect of 2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate against Alternaria alternata might be via reduction in toxin content and breakdown of cell membrane integrity[2][3].
|
-
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