Phloretin
Based on 25 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Phloretin (NSC 407292; RJC 02792) is a flavonoid extracted from Malus pumila Mill.,has anti-inflammatory activities. Phloridzin is a specific,competitive and orally active inhibitor of sodium/glucose cotransporters in the intestine (SGLT1) and kidney (SGLT2). Phloretin inhibits Yeast-made GLUT1 as well as Human erythrocyte GLUT1 with IC50values of 49 μM and 61 μM,respectively.Phloretin has the potential for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and allergic airway inflammation.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity: 99.92%
- CAS No.: 60-82-2
- Formula: C15H14O5
- Molecular Weight:274.27
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Storage:Powder -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 1 year , -20°C, 6 months
Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Phloretin
More- Nat Immunol. 2025 Apr 11. [Abstract]
- Cell Res. 2021 Sep;31(9):980-997. [Abstract]
- Acta Pharm Sin B. 2021 Jan;11(1):143-155. [Abstract]
- Exp Mol Med. 2022 Nov;54(11):2007-2021. [Abstract]
- J Hazard Mater. 2024 Jan 5:461:132570. [Abstract]
- Food Chem. 2025 Dec 30:497:146992. [Abstract]
- Food Chem. 2025 May 31:489:144992. [Abstract]
- Phytomedicine. 2022 Jul:101:154113. [Abstract]
- Ind Crops Prod. 2025 Dec 11;239:122458.
- J Agric Food Chem. 2025 Jun 25;73(25):15561-15578. [Abstract]
- Food Funct. 2021 Dec 13;12(24):12421-12433. [Abstract]
- Foods. 2026 Apr 9;15(8):1293. [Abstract]
- J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2025 Dec.
- Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Sep 21;25(18):10138. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2024 Aug 25:141:112933. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2024 Aug 11:140:112916. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2022 Sep:110:109049. [Abstract]
- RSC Adv. 2024 Sep 6;14(39):28569-28584. [Abstract]
- Cell Signal. 2023 Feb:102:110527. [Abstract]
- J Nat Prod. 2024 Jan 26;87(1):2-13. [Abstract]
- J Cancer. 2023 Oct 30;14(18):3550-3560. [Abstract]
- Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018 Sep 3;503(1):297-303. [Abstract]
- Reprod Biol. 2025 Nov 14;26(1):101102. [Abstract]
- Res Sq. 2026 Mar 4.
- SSRN. 2023 Jun 15.
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Flow Cytometry
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Bio/Physico-chemical Assay
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Cell Imaging/Staining
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Bio/Physico-chemical Assay
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Bio/Physico-chemical Assay
All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms
More
Biological Activity
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SGLT1 |
SGLT2 |
Microbial Metabolite |
GLUT1 |
GLUT2 |
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Cell Line
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Type | Value | Description | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HEK293 | IC50 |
12.4 μM
Compound: 9h
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Inhibition of human SGLT1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction in 2-deoxyglucose uptake pretreated for 10 mins followed by 2-deoxyglucose addition in presence of sodium buffer measured after 1 hr by resazurin dye based fluorescence assay
Inhibition of human SGLT1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction in 2-deoxyglucose uptake pretreated for 10 mins followed by 2-deoxyglucose addition in presence of sodium buffer measured after 1 hr by resazurin dye based fluorescence assay
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[PMID: 28098449] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
18.3 μM
Compound: 9h
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Inhibition of human SGLT2 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction in 2-deoxyglucose uptake pretreated for 10 mins followed by 2-deoxyglucose addition in presence of sodium buffer measured after 1 hr by resazurin dye based fluorescence assay
Inhibition of human SGLT2 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction in 2-deoxyglucose uptake pretreated for 10 mins followed by 2-deoxyglucose addition in presence of sodium buffer measured after 1 hr by resazurin dye based fluorescence assay
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[PMID: 28098449] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
90 μM
Compound: 4788
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Inhibition of the Sodium/Hydrogen Exchanger-Like Domain-Containing Protein 2 (NHA2, SLC9B2) as assessed by a sensor pH-sensitive genetically encoded fluorescent sensor (pHAxensor) in HEK-293 cells stably transfected with SLC9B2
Inhibition of the Sodium/Hydrogen Exchanger-Like Domain-Containing Protein 2 (NHA2, SLC9B2) as assessed by a sensor pH-sensitive genetically encoded fluorescent sensor (pHAxensor) in HEK-293 cells stably transfected with SLC9B2
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10.5281/zenodo.7360521 |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
90 μM
Compound: 4788
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Inhibition of the Sodium/Hydrogen Exchanger-Like Domain-Containing Protein 2 (NHA2, SLC9B2) as assessed by a sensor pH-sensitive genetically encoded fluorescent sensor (pHAxensor) in HEK-293 cells stably transfected with SLC9B2 (PubChem AID: 1794821)
Inhibition of the Sodium/Hydrogen Exchanger-Like Domain-Containing Protein 2 (NHA2, SLC9B2) as assessed by a sensor pH-sensitive genetically encoded fluorescent sensor (pHAxensor) in HEK-293 cells stably transfected with SLC9B2 (PubChem AID: 1794821)
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10.5281/zenodo.7360521 |
| K562 | IC50 |
41 μM
Compound: Phloretin
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Inhibition of NF-kappaB transactivation in TNF-alpha-stimulated human K562 cells preincubated for 2 hrs followed by TNF-alpha challenge measured after 6 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay
Inhibition of NF-kappaB transactivation in TNF-alpha-stimulated human K562 cells preincubated for 2 hrs followed by TNF-alpha challenge measured after 6 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay
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[PMID: 24775915] |
| MCF7 | IC50 |
>10 μM
Compound: 5b
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Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay
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[PMID: 26690274] |
| MCF7 | IC50 |
7 μM
Compound: Phloretin
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Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 6 days by SRB assay
Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth incubated for 6 days by SRB assay
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[PMID: 33257172] |
| MDA-MB-231 | IC50 |
>10 μM
Compound: 5b
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Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay
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[PMID: 26690274] |
| NCI-H1299 | IC50 |
54 μM
Compound: Phloretin
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Cytotoxicity against human H1299 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 48 hrs by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against human H1299 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 48 hrs by MTT assay
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[PMID: 24200808] |
| Oocyte | IC50 |
41 μM
Compound: Phloretin
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TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of L-Lactate uptake (L-Lactate:30mM) in Xenopus laevis oocytes
TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of L-Lactate uptake (L-Lactate:30mM) in Xenopus laevis oocytes
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[PMID: 11101640] |
| Vero | CC50 |
735.47 μg/mL
Compound: 31
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Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells assessed as cell death after 72 hrs by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells assessed as cell death after 72 hrs by MTT assay
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[PMID: 22169259] |
| Vero | IC50 |
125 μg/mL
Compound: 31
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Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth after 72 hrs by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth after 72 hrs by MTT assay
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[PMID: 22169259] |
Phloretin induced obvious cytotoxicity against BEL-7402 cells with IC50 of 89.23 μM[2]. Phloretin (40-160 μM; 24 hours) induces BEL-7402 cell apoptosis though the mitochondrial pathway,the cells exposed to phloretin exhibits nuclear chromatin condensation and increased fluorescence intensity. The caspase-9 reaches the peak level at 12 h,and leak levels of caspase-6 and caspase-3 activities occurrs 18 and 24 h after the exposure,respectively[2]. Phloretin (0-100 μM; 24 hours) has effects on transcription factors of adipogenesis in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes,decreases PPAR-γ,C/EBPα and C/EBPβ as a dose-dependent manner[3]. Phloretin (0-100 μM; 24 hours) has effects on the AMPK pathway in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes,increases the phosphorylation of substrate ACC-1,AMPK in PT-treated cells[3].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Cell Line:BEL-7402 cell
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Concentration:40-160 μM
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Incubation Time:24 hours
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Result:Induced cell apoptosis and activated caspase 3, 6 and 9.
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Cell Line:3T3-L1 adipocytes
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Concentration:0 μM, 3 μM, 10 μM, 30 μM, 100 μM
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Incubation Time:24 hours
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Result:Inhibited PPAR-γ, C/EBPα and C/EBPβ expression.
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Cell Line:3T3-L1 adipocytes
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Concentration:0 μM, 3 μM, 10 μM, 30 μM, 100 μM
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Incubation Time:24 hours
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Result:Upregulated the expression of p-ACC-1, p-AMPK, p-AMPKα and β .
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Animal Model:Collagen-Induced Arthritis (CIA) Mice[3]
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Dosage:50 or 100 mg/kg
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Administration:Oral adminstration
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Result:Showed mitigation of clinical symptoms of RA in addition to reduced inflammation of hind-limbs compared to the control group.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 60-82-2
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 274.27
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Formula C15H14O5
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Color Off-white to pink
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SMILES
O=C(C1=C(O)C=C(O)C=C1O)CCC2=CC=C(O)C=C2
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Synonyms
NSC 407292; RJC 02792
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Structure Classification
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 1 year -20°C 6 months
Publications (25)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Nat Immunol
2025 Apr 11. PMID: 40217111 -
Cell Res
The metabolite α-KG induces GSDMC-dependent pyroptosis through death receptor 6-activated caspase-8. [Abstract]2021 Sep;31(9):980-997. PMID: 34012073 -
Acta Pharm Sin B
Chrysin serves as a novel inhibitor of DGK α/FAK interaction to suppress the malignancy of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). [Abstract]2021 Jan;11(1):143-155. PMID: 33532186
Phloretin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Acta Pharm Sin B. 2021 Jan;11(1):143-155. [Abstract]
Effect of Phloretin (50 μM) or lonidamine (50 μM) on DM-αKG-induced pyroptosis. HeLa cells were pretreated with phloretin or lonidamine for 2 hours.
Phloretin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Acta Pharm Sin B. 2021 Jan;11(1):143-155. [Abstract]
Effect of Phloretin (50 μM) or lonidamine (50 μM) on DM-αKG induced intracellular pH. HeLa cells were pretreated with phloretin or lonidamine for 2 hours.
Phloretin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Acta Pharm Sin B. 2021 Jan;11(1):143-155. [Abstract]
Effect of Phloretin (50 μM) or lonidamine (50 μM) on DM-αKG induced L-2HG levels. HeLa cells were pretreated with phloretin or lonidamine for 2 hours.
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Exp Mol Med
Simultaneous treatment with sorafenib and glucose restriction inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo by impairing SIAH1-mediated mitophagy. [Abstract]2022 Nov;54(11):2007-2021. PMID: 36385558
Phloretin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Exp Mol Med. 2022 Nov;54(11):2007-2021. [Abstract]
Huh7 cells were treated with sorafenib (5 μM) and/or Phloretin (50 and 100 μM) for 24 h.
Phloretin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Exp Mol Med. 2022 Nov;54(11):2007-2021. [Abstract]
Huh7 cells were pretreated with1μMinsulin to activate glucose transport, and then treated with Canagliflozin (20 μM) or Phloretin(100 μM) for 1 hour before measurement of glucose uptake.
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J Hazard Mater
In vitro and in vivo investigations on arsenic-induced cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis. [Abstract]2024 Jan 5:461:132570. PMID: 37742380 -
Food Chem
Effects of sun drying combined with baking processes on the flavor quality of Chongqing Tuocha raw tea. [Abstract]2025 Dec 30:497:146992. PMID: 41285060 -
Food Chem
Flavonoid-mediated metabolic underpinning quality variation in red bud-sport pear mutants. [Abstract]2025 May 31:489:144992. PMID: 40466530 -
Phytomedicine
Protective effects of E Se tea extracts against alcoholic fatty liver disease induced by high fat/alcohol diet: In vivo biological evaluation and molecular docking study. [Abstract]2022 Jul:101:154113. PMID: 35490493 -
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J Agric Food Chem
High-Pressure and Thermal Pasteurization Applied to Smoothies Enhances (Poly)Phenol Bioaccessibility along the Gastrointestinal Tract. [Abstract]2025 Jun 25;73(25):15561-15578. PMID: 40497562 -
Food Funct
Phloretin attenuation of hepatic steatosis via an improvement of mitochondrial dysfunction by activating AMPK-dependent signaling pathways in C57BL/6J mice and HepG2 cells. [Abstract]2021 Dec 13;12(24):12421-12433. PMID: 34788781 -
Foods
Design of a Plant-Based Smoothie: Exploiting Ingredient Complementarity for a Diversified (Poly)phenolic Profile Quantified by Targeted LC-MS/MS Analysis. [Abstract]2026 Apr 9;15(8):1293. PMID: 42073181 -
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Int J Mol Sci
2024 Sep 21;25(18):10138. PMID: 39337621 -
Int Immunopharmacol
Natural compound phloretin restores periodontal immune homeostasis via HIF-1α-regulated PI3K/Akt and glycolysis in macrophages. [Abstract]2024 Aug 25:141:112933. PMID: 39186834 -
Int Immunopharmacol
LncRNA-mRNA co-expression analysis reveals aquaporin-9-promoted neutrophil extracellular trap formation and inflammatory activation in sepsis. [Abstract]2024 Aug 11:140:112916. PMID: 39133961 -
Int Immunopharmacol
The inhibition of GLUT1-induced glycolysis in macrophage by phloretin participates in the protection during acute lung injury. [Abstract]2022 Sep:110:109049. PMID: 35853279 -
RSC Adv
Dual inhibitory potential of ganoderic acid A on GLUT1/3: computational and in vitro insights into targeting glucose metabolism in human lung cancer. [Abstract]2024 Sep 6;14(39):28569-28584. PMID: 39247503 -
Cell Signal
The oncogenic role of TFAP2A in bladder urothelial carcinoma via a novel long noncoding RNA TPRG1-AS1/DNMT3A/CRTAC1 axis. [Abstract]2023 Feb:102:110527. PMID: 36410635 -
J Nat Prod
Target Separation and Potential Anticancer Activity of Withanolide-Based Glucose Transporter Protein 1 Inhibitors from Physalis angulata var. villosa. [Abstract]2024 Jan 26;87(1):2-13. PMID: 38117981 -
J Cancer
PLEKHG2 Promotes NSCLC Cell Growth by Increasing Glycolysis via Activated PI3K/AKT Pathway. [Abstract]2023 Oct 30;14(18):3550-3560. PMID: 38021149 -
Biochem Biophys Res Commun
Effects of intracellular iron overload on cell death and identification of potent cell death inhibitors. [Abstract]2018 Sep 3;503(1):297-303. PMID: 29890135 -
Reprod Biol
Phloretin enhances the efficiency of sheep oocyte IVM and early embryonic development by bolstering antioxidant defenses, inhibiting apoptosis, and promoting development. [Abstract]2025 Nov 14;26(1):101102. PMID: 41240406 -
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Solvent & Solubility
DMSO : 50 mg/mL (182.30 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
H2O : < 0.1 mg/mL (insoluble)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (9.12 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (9.12 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
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%DMSO +
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
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%+
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+%Tween-80 + +
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%Saline +
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO. Stock solution concentration: mg/mL.
1. Take μL DMSO stock solution;
2. Add μL .
μL , mix evenly;
3. Then add μL Tween 80, mix evenly;
4. Then add μL
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (279 KB)
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SDS (396 KB)
- English - EN (396 KB)
- Français - FR (396 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (396 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (396 KB)
- Español - ES (396 KB)
- Swedish - SV (396 KB)
- Italian - IT (396 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (396 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Kasahara T, Kasahara M. Expression of the rat GLUT1 glucose transporter in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem J. 1996 Apr 1;315 ( Pt 1):177-82. [Content Brief]
[2]. Luo H, et al. Phloretin induces apoptosis of BEL-7402 cells in vitro. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2008 Jul;28(7):1249-51. [Content Brief]
[3]. Huang WC, et al. Phloretin and phlorizin promote lipolysis and inhibit inflammation in mouse 3T3-L1 cells and in macrophage-adipocyte co-cultures.Mol Nutr Food Res. 2013 Oct;57(10):1803-13. [Content Brief]
[4]. Wang SP, et al. Potent Antiarthritic Properties of Phloretin in Murine Collagen-Induced Arthritis.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:9831263. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO | 1 mM | 3.6460 mL | 18.2302 mL | 36.4604 mL | 91.1511 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.7292 mL | 3.6460 mL | 7.2921 mL | 18.2302 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3646 mL | 1.8230 mL | 3.6460 mL | 9.1151 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.2431 mL | 1.2153 mL | 2.4307 mL | 6.0767 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.1823 mL | 0.9115 mL | 1.8230 mL | 4.5576 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.1458 mL | 0.7292 mL | 1.4584 mL | 3.6460 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.1215 mL | 0.6077 mL | 1.2153 mL | 3.0384 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.0912 mL | 0.4558 mL | 0.9115 mL | 2.2788 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0729 mL | 0.3646 mL | 0.7292 mL | 1.8230 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0608 mL | 0.3038 mL | 0.6077 mL | 1.5192 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0456 mL | 0.2279 mL | 0.4558 mL | 1.1394 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0365 mL | 0.1823 mL | 0.3646 mL | 0.9115 mL |