Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer

Ginsenoside Rg1 is one of the major active components of Panax ginseng. Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates the impaired cognitive function, displays promising effects by reducing cerebral Aβ levels. Ginsenoside Rg1 also reduces NF-κB nuclear translocation.

20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 is the main component of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits Na⁺ and hKv1.4 channel with IC₅₀s of 32.2±4.5 and 32.6±2.2 μM, respectively. 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 also inhibits Aβ levels, NF-κB activity, and COX-2 expression.

Ginsenoside Rb1, a main constituent of the root of Panax ginseng, inhibits Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity with an IC₅₀ of 6.3±1.0 μM. Ginsenoside also inhibits IRAK-1 activation and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 .

Ginsenoside Rh2 (20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2) induces the activation of caspase-8 and caspase-9. Ginsenoside Rh2 induces cancer cell apoptosis in a multi-path manner.

Ginsenoside C-K, a bacterial metabolite of G-Rb1, exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by reducing iNOS and COX-2. Ginsenoside C-K exhibits an inhibition against the activity of CYP2C9 and CYP2A6 in human liver microsomes with IC₅₀s of 32.0±3.6 μM and 63.6±4.2 μM, respectively.

Ginsenoside Ra9 (Compound 6) is a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside. Ginsenoside Ra9 can be isolated from the roots of Panax ginseng.

Ginsenoside V is a metabolite of Ginsenoside Rb1 (HY-N0039).

(24S)-Ginsenoside V is a monooxygenated derivative of Ginsenoside Rb1 (HY-N0039). (24S)-Ginsenoside V is the major circulating metabolite of Ginsenoside Rb1 in rat plasma. (24S)-Ginsenoside V appears in rat urine after intravenous and oral administration of Ginsenoside Rb1 to rats.

Ginsenoside Rb2 is one of the main bioactive components of ginseng extracts. Rb2 can upregulate GPR120 gene expression. Ginsenoside Rb2 has antiviral effects.

Ginsenoside Re (Ginsenoside B2) is an extract from Panax notoginseng. Ginsenoside Re decreases the β-amyloid protein (Aβ). Ginsenoside Re plays a role in antiinflammation through inhibition of JNK and NF-κB.

Ginsenoside Rk1 is a unique component created by processing the ginseng plant (mainly Sung Ginseng, SG) at high temperatures. Ginsenoside Rk1 has anti-inflammatory effect, suppresses the activation of Jak2/Stat3 signaling pathway and NF-κB. Ginsenoside Rk1 has anti-tumor effect, antiplatelet aggregation activities, anti-insulin resistance, nephroprotective effect, antimicrobial effect, cognitive function enhancement, lipid accumulation reduction and prevents osteoporosis. Ginsenoside Rk1 induces cell apoptosis by triggering intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and blocking PI3K/Akt pathway.

(20S)-Protopanaxatriol is a metabolite of ginsenoside. (20S)-Protopanaxatriol works through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and estrogen receptor (ER), and is also a LXRα inhibitor. (20S)-Protopanaxatriol shows a broad spectrum of antitumor effects.

(20R)-ginsenoside Rg3 ((20R)-Propanaxadiol), one of the active compounds present in ginseng root, inhibits angiogenesis, and has anti-carcinogenic and antimetastatic effects.

20S-protopanaxadiol (aPPD) is a metabolite of ginseng saponins, inhibits Akt activity and induces apoptosis in various tumor cells.

Ginsenoside Rh1 (Prosapogenin A2) inhibits the expression of PPAR-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β.

Ginsenoside Rd inhibits TNFα-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity with an IC₅₀ of 12.05±0.82 μM in HepG2 cells. Ginsenoside Rd inhibits expression of COX-2 and iNOS mRNA. Ginsenoside Rd also inhibits Ca²⁺ influx. Ginsenoside Rd inhibits CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9, with IC₅₀s of 58.0±4.5 μM, 78.4±5.3 μM, 81.7±2.6 μM, and 85.1±9.1 μM, respectively.

Ginsenoside Rc, one of major Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng, enhances GABA receptor_A (GABA_A)-mediated ion channel currents (I_GABA). Ginsenoside Rc inhibits the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β.

Ginsenoside Rf is a trace component of ginseng root. Ginsenoside Rf inhibits N-type Ca²⁺ channel.

Ginsenoside Ro (Polysciasaponin P3; Chikusetsusaponin 5; Chikusetsusaponin V) exhibits a Ca²⁺-antagonistic antiplatelet effect with an IC₅₀ of 155 μM. Ginsenoside Ro reduces the production of TXA₂ more than it reduces the activities of COX-1 and TXAS.

Ginsenoside Rg5 is the main component of Red ginseng and IGF-1R agonist. Ginsenoside Rg5 compets for the binding site of IGF-1R and blocks the binding of IGF-1 to IGF-1R (IC₅₀ about 90 nM). Ginsenoside Rg5 also inhibits the mRNA expression of COX-2 via suppression of the DNA binding activities of NF-κB p65.