PPARδ Inhibitor

Perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid (1-Perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid; Perfluoroheptanesulphonic acid; PFHpS) is a per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) that penetrates the skin and induces systemic toxicity and immunotoxicity. Perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid reduces the expression of PPARδ in liver tissue; it induces hepatocyte hypertrophy and necrosis in liver tissue and alters serum biochemical markers associated with liver injury. Perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid upregulates genes related to fatty acid metabolism, cell necrosis and inflammation, reduces the relative weights of the spleen and thymus, suppresses humoral immune responses, and alters the composition of immune cell subsets in the spleen and skin. The plasma concentration of Perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid correlates with food intake. Perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid exhibit synchronous pulse events in influent samples from wastewater treatment plants. Perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid can be used in studies related to liver injury and immune system damage.