Photosensitizer

Photosensitizers are light absorbers that alter the course of a photochemical reaction. They usually are catalysts. Photosensitizers have been used as light-responsive drugs with their imaging capabilities, easy synthesis, tunable energy levels, and biocompatibility, which make them an innovative tool for therapeutic approaches in treatment of various cancers. Among different methods for cancer therapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a photosensitizer can take advantage of penetrated light into a targeted tissue for improving tumor control. The PDT comprises of three major components; photosensitizer, oxygen, and light source of appropriate wavelength, which when act together, generate a photochemical reaction. Depending on the part of the body being treated, the photosensitizing agent is either administered into the bloodstream through a vein or placed directly on the skin. By irradiation light on the targeted area, the excited photosensitizer emits energy in the form of heat and exhibits intersystem crossing (ISC), leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in triplet state.
Photosensitizers can function by many mechanisms, sometimes they donate an electron to the substrate, sometimes they abstract a hydrogen atom from the substrate. At the end of this process, the photosensitizer returns to its ground state, where it remains chemically intact, poised to absorb more light. One branch of chemistry which frequently utilizes photosensitizers is polymer chemistry, using photosensitizers in reactions such as photopolymerization, photocrosslinking, and photodegradation. Photosensitizers are also used to generate prolonged excited electronic states in organic molecules with uses in photocatalysis, photon upconversion and photodynamic therapy. Generally, photosensitizers absorb electromagnetic radiation consisting of infrared radiation, visible light radiation, and ultraviolet radiation and transfer absorbed energy into neighboring molecules^[1]^[2].

References:

[1]. Kwiatkowski S, et, al. Photodynamic therapy - mechanisms, photosensitizers and combinations. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018 Oct:106:1098-1107. [Content Brief]

[2]. Dash BS, et, al. Photosensitizer-Functionalized Nanocomposites for Light-Activated Cancer Theranostics. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Jun 22;22(13):6658. [Content Brief]

Photosensitizer Related Products (73):

Cat. No.	Product Name	Effect	Purity	Chemical Structure

HY-B0146

Verteporfin		99.58%
Verteporfin (CL 318952) is a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy to eliminate the abnormal blood vessels in the eye associated with conditions such as age-related macular degeneration. Verteporfin is a YAP inhibitor which disrupts YAP-TEAD interactions. Verteporfin induces cell apoptosis. Verteporfinis an autophagy inhibitor that blocks autophagy at an early stage by inhibiting autophagosome formation.

HY-D0214

Acid Red 94 sodium		99.49%
Acid Red 94 sodium, a synthetic fluorescein derivative, is a deep red dye primarily composed of 4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2,4,5,7-tetraiodo fluorescein. It is widely used as an ophthalmic diagnostic agent to detect dry or damaged cells on the ocular surface. Acid Red 94 sodium exhibits antitumor activity and can inhibit Friend Leukemia Virus (FLV) infection through photodynamic action. Additionally, Acid Red 94 sodium can inhibit Aβ aggregation through light irradiation. Acid Red 94 sodium holds potential for use in cancer, viral infections, and neurodegenerative disease research.

HY-Y0546

Benzophenone		99.99%
Benzophenone is an endogenous metabolite. Benzophenone is a photosensitizer, that absorbs UV light, transfers its energy to DNA, and triggers DNA damage. Benzophenone can be used as the fragrance enhancer, ultraviolet curing agent, additive in plastics, or the flavor ingredient. Benzophenone can also be used in the manufacturing of insecticides, agricultural chemicals, hypnotics, antihistamines, and other pharmaceuticals. Benzophenone exhibits certain carcinogenicity in mouse/rat models under long term exposure. Benzophenone exhibits estrogenic activity.

HY-16477

Talaporfin sodium		99.74%
Talaporfin (ME2906) sodium is a chlorin based photosensitizer. Talaporfin sodium can be used for the research of various cancers by using photodynamic therapy (PDT).

HY-W854659

Chlorin e6 trisodium		98.92%
Chlorin e6 Ce6 (trisodium) is a water-soluble derivative of chlorophyll, belonging to the chlorin class of photosensitizers with an absorption wavelength range of 600-670 nm. Chlorin e6 trisodium emits characteristic red fluorescence upon light excitation, enabling real-time identification of tumor boundaries and progression. Chlorin e6 trisodium can be used for the study of photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancers (bladder cancer) and fluorescence diagnosis of neoplastic lesions.

HY-W075248

m-THPP
m-THPP (Tetra(3-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin; 3-THPP) is a photosensitizer. m-THPP can weakly induce ROS production and shows antitumor and antibacterial activity. m-THPP can be used for the research of photodynamic therapy (PDT).

HY-183570

Antitumor photosensitizer-11
Antitumor photosensitizer-11 is a type-I carbazole/benzindolium photosensitizer with antitumor activity. Antitumor photosensitizer-11 induces ROS generation via a type-I pathway, forming superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. Antitumor photosensitizer-11 triggers immunogenic cell death in cancer cells via enhanced oxidative stress. Antitumor photosensitizer-11 exhibits antiproliferative activity in normoxic and hypoxic environments, inhibits breast cancer tumor growth in vivo, and promotes dendritic cell maturation and T cell infiltration. Antitumor photosensitizer-11 can be used for the research of cancer, such as breast cancer.

HY-180169

Photosensitizer-8
Photosensitizer-8 (Compound 4), 2-anthrol derivative, is an alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-activatable photosensitizer. Photosensitizer-8 undergoes a phosphate ester hydrolysis reaction in the presence of ALP, rapidly converting into the active photosensitizer 2-anthrol. Photosensitizer-8 exhibits cytotoxicity against ALP-overexpressing cancer cells (HeLa, A549, HCT116) after light exposure, with IC₅₀ values of 14.3 μM, 21.6 μM and 17.5 μM, respectively, while showing no significant cytotoxicity against normal lung fibroblasts (WI-38) (IC₅₀ ≥ 30 μM). Photosensitizer-8 can be used in photodynamic therapy research for ALP-overexpression-related cancers.

HY-Y1129

3-Hydroxypyridine		99.91%
3-Hydroxypyridine is a compound that can be isolated from bamboo grass. As an endogenous photosensitizer present in human skin, 3-hydroxypyridine can mediate oxidative stress, proliferation inhibition and apoptosis of skin cells through UVA/UVB excitation.

HY-W051271

Titanium(IV) oxide		≥99.0%
Titanium(IV) oxide is a photosensitizer and photocatalyst. Titanium(IV) oxide can be used as a pharmaceutical excipient such as a flow aid, coating agent, sunscreen, colorant, etc. Pharmaceutical excipients or pharmaceutical excipients refer to other chemical substances used in the pharmaceutical process other than the drug ingredients. Pharmaceutical excipients generally refer to inactive ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations that can improve the stability, solubility and processability of pharmaceutical preparations. Pharmaceutical excipients also affect the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME) process of co-administered drugs. Titanium(IV) oxide can use light energy to generate electron-hole pairs to degrade pollutants. Photons excite electrons in TiO₂ to generate active oxygen species (such as ·OH and ·O₂^-), thereby oxidizing and mineralizing pollutants such as organic compounds and heavy metals. TiO₂ can be used in the research of environmental remediation fields such as water treatment, air purification and self-cleaning materials.

HY-W041343

4-Benzoylbenzoic acid		99.11%
4-(Phenylcarbonyl)benzoic acid is a photooxidant. Upon light activation, 4-(Phenylcarbonyl)benzoic acid forms an electrophilic aromatic ketone that acts as an oxidant in organic synthesis or biological systems. 4-(Phenylcarbonyl)benzoic acid has been used in the study of amino acid oxidation, as well as the synthesis of photoactivated antibacterial and antiviral compounds¹²³.

HY-A0169A

Methyl aminolevulinate hydrochloride		98.98%
Methyl aminolevulinate hydrochloride is a sensitizer used in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Methyl aminolevulinate hydrochloride penetrates the skin and induces the production of photoactive porphyrins including protoporphyrin IX in cells; upon exposure to appropriate light, it generates ROS, which triggers cellular oxidation and cell death. Methyl aminolevulinate hydrochloride acts as a photo-damage reversing agent through epidermal reconstruction, cytokine-mediated activation of dermal fibroblasts, elastin breakdown, new collagen formation, and compression of dilated capillaries. Methyl aminolevulinate hydrochloride reduces the expression of the proliferation marker K_i-67 and the early skin carcinogenesis marker TP53. Methyl aminolevulinate hydrochloride delays the onset of ultraviolet-induced skin tumors and reduces tumor burden in hairless mice. Methyl aminolevulinate hydrochloride is applicable to research related to actinic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma.

HY-D0943

Nuclear Fast Red
Nuclear Fast Red, an anthraquinone dye, is commonly used in conjunction with an excess of aluminum ions as a red nuclear counterstain. Nuclear fast red has been used as a histochemical and colorimetric reagent for calcium. Nuclear fast red as highly sensitive "off/on" fluorescent probe for detecting guanine.

HY-Y0546S

Benzophenone-d₁₀		99.63%
Benzophenone-d₁₀ is the deuterium labeled Benzophenone (HY-Y0546). Benzophenone is an endogenous metabolite. Benzophenone is a photosensitizer, that absorbs UV light, transfers its energy to DNA, and triggers DNA damage. Benzophenone can be used as the fragrance enhancer, ultraviolet curing agent, additive in plastics, or the flavor ingredient. Benzophenone can also be used in the manufacturing of insecticides, agricultural chemicals, hypnotics, antihistamines, and other pharmaceuticals. Benzophenone exhibits certain carcinogenicity in mouse/rat models under long term exposure. Benzophenone exhibits estrogenic activity.

HY-W112938

TMPyP tetrachloride		98.30%
TMPyP tetrachloride is a DNA-binding agent, singlet oxygen Sensitizer and photobleaching agent. TMPyP tetrachloride binds to DNA via intercalation or external groove complexation; irradiation induces its photoinduced release from DNA. TMPyP tetrachloride sensitizes the generation of singlet molecular oxygen upon irradiation, and prolonged irradiation leads to photobleaching. TMPyP tetrachloride initially localizes preferentially in neuronal nuclei and cytoplasm, and irradiation triggers its subcellular relocalization. TMPyP tetrachloride binds to K⁺-free single-molecule G4-DNA nanowires via intercalation, and binds to K⁺-type variants via non-intercalation. TMPyP tetrachloride can be used in studies related to cancer, HIV infection and bacterial infection.

HY-W035135

NPN12830
NPN12830 is a dye compound. NPN12830 can be used in various photodynamic therapy research.

HY-N10902

Methyl pheophorbide a		99.57%
Methyl pheophorbide a is a natural product, one of the chlorophyll-a derivatives. Methyl pheophorbide a is a photosensitizer that produces singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS) under light of specific wavelength, thereby leading to cell death.

HY-W072496

10-(3,5-Di-OMe-Ph)-9-mesityl-(1,3,6,8-tetra-OMe-acridinium) tetrafluoroborate
10-(3,5-Di-OMe-Ph)-9-mesityl-(1,3,6,8-tetra-OMe-acridinium) tetrafluoroborate is a photocatalyst with the activity of enhancing the efficiency of organic reactions. 10-(3,5-Di-OMe-Ph)-9-mesityl-(1,3,6,8-tetra-OMe-acridinium) tetrafluoroborate is widely used in the synthesis of complex molecules and compounds. 10-(3,5-Di-OMe-Ph)-9-mesityl-(1,3,6,8-tetra-OMe-acridinium) tetrafluoroborate also exhibits excellent performance in photosensitization reactions.

HY-145241

TBTDC		99.52%
TBTDC is a highly efficient multifunctional organic photosensitizer with aggregation-induced emission for in vivo bioimaging and photodynamic research.

HY-Y0546S2

Benzophenone-¹³C		99.80%
Benzophenone-¹³C is the ¹³C labeled Benzophenone (HY-Y0546). Benzophenone is an endogenous metabolite. Benzophenone is a photosensitizer, that absorbs UV light, transfers its energy to DNA, and triggers DNA damage. Benzophenone can be used as the fragrance enhancer, ultraviolet curing agent, additive in plastics, or the flavor ingredient. Benzophenone can also be used in the manufacturing of insecticides, agricultural chemicals, hypnotics, antihistamines, and other pharmaceuticals. Benzophenone exhibits certain carcinogenicity in mouse/rat models under long term exposure. Benzophenone exhibits estrogenic activity.

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