Topics

GLP-1 and Obesity Research

Obesity substantially increases the risk of chronic diseases such as T2D and cardiovascular disease. The breakout success of GLP-1 therapies has spotlighted GLP-1R and a wave of emerging obesity targets.

Organoid validation

Organoids are three-dimensional (3D) cell clusters derived entirely from primary tissues, embryonic stem cells (ESCs), or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).

ADC Targets in Oncology

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are characterized to have highly specific targeting ability and potent killing effect, making them a crucial breakthrough in cancer therapy. MCE offers a full range of related products including ADC molecules and antibodies, target antigen.

TNF Superfamily

The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily consists of immune-related proteins that regulate diverse cellular functions and are linked to autoimmune, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Its members are key targets in drug development, especially in tumor immunotherapy.

Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) and Cancer Immunotherapy

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) represents a distinct form of strategy in oncology, where dying cancer cells are converted into stimuli that drive long-lasting antitumor immunity (i.

Aβ Deposition: The "First Trigger" in the Pathogenesis of AD and Decoding its Molecular Mechanism

β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition is considered a key early event in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Oxidative Stress as a Contributing Factor and Potential Target in Diabetic Complications

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the biggest concerns for public health, which gives rise to an elevated risk of mortality.

The Cancer-Immunity Cycle: From Mechanism to Molecular Regulation

The cancer-immunity cycle offers a framework illustrating the cascade of anti-cancer immune responses.

Sleep Deprivation: Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Consequences

As humans, we spend nearly one-third of our lives asleep, yet the precise molecular mechanisms and functions of sleep remain incompletely understood.

Protein-Protein Interaction: Therapeutic Target in Cancer and Beyond

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) form complex cellular networks that underpin essential biological processes such as signal transduction, cell proliferation, and DNA repair, and their dysregulation is closely associated with human diseases including cancer, inflammatory disorders, and viral infections.

Cellular Senescence, Aging & Age-Related Diseases

Cellular senescence refers to the irreversible growth arrest that occurs in cells after a period of proliferation in vitro, following sublethal stress or oncogene expression.

Intracellular Calcium Signaling: From Second Messenger to Targeted Therapy

Calcium is an essential element for cellular life activities.

Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD)

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) represents a distinct form of strategy in oncology, where dying cancer cells are converted into stimuli that drive long-lasting antitumor immunity (i.

Necroptosis: A Key Target in Cancer & Beyond Therapeutics

Necroptosis is a form of programmed cell death with characteristics of both necrosis and apoptosis, triggered by death receptors (e.

Disulfidptosis: A Promising Target For Cancer Management

Disulfidptosis is a newly identified form of programmed cell death (PCD) defined by actin cytoskeleton collapse triggered by disulfide stress.

Cuproptosis: An Emerging Target In Cancer Therapy

Cuproptosis represents a distinctive regulated cell death mode elicited by mitochondrial copper.

Neuroinflammation: Bridging Immune Activation and Neurodegeneration

The brain, once thought immune-privileged, is now recognized to communicate bidirectionally with the peripheral immune system in health and disease.

Post-Viral Immune Dysregulation & Long COVID

Long COVID, also known as post-acute sequelae of COVID-19, is a multisystem disorder characterized by persistent and often severe symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection.

The Tumor Microenvironment: A Pro-Tumor Niche and Therapeutic Target in Cancer

Cancer is not a single mass of cancer cells, but a complex ecosystem, the tumor microenvironment (TME).

Inflammasomes & Inflammatory Diseases

Inflammasomes, first identified in 2002, are signaling platforms that mediate pathological inflammation and tissue damage.

Cell Death & Disease

Cell death is essential for development, growth, and survival, aiding tissue remodeling and homeostasis by removing unwanted or harmful cells.

DNA Repair Pathways & DDR

The DNA damage response (DDR) is defined as a coordinated cellular network responsible for the recognition, signaling, and repair of DNA damage.

ER Stress: From Cellular Surveillance to Disease Pathogenesis

Proteostasis is the basis of cell survival.

Ferroptosis: A Key Regulator in Cancer Therapy and Beyond

Ferroptosis, a form of regulated cell death characterized by iron dependence and lipid peroxidation, has emerged as a critical player in various physiological and pathological processes.

Drug Repurposing

Nowadays, with the continuous development and progress of science and technology, the research and development of new drugs still have many problems such as high loss, high cost and long research period.

Drug Development Based on Natural Products

Chemical structure of representative natural products approved for clinical use.

Fragment-Based Drug Development

Traditional drug development is mainly through random screening from natural active products or existing compound libraries, which is inefficient and blind.

Drug Discovery Based on Targets and Signaling Pathways

Signal transduction participates in all life activities of cells and has the functions of regulating cell proliferation, metabolism, defense and adaptation.

Drug Screening

Drug screening is the process of testing a large number of compounds to determine whether they produce appropriate biochemical or cellular effects, which is usually an important step in the drug discovery pathway.

Drug Discovery

Figure 1.

Anti-Tumor Effects of a Low-Temperature Metabolic Environment

A low-temperature metabolic environment can be operationally understood as an ambient-cold state that changes whole-body energy allocation, thermogenesis, glucose use, and immune metabolism in ways that alter tumor behavior.

Nicotine: Anti-Aging Mechanisms Mediated by the NAD+ Biosynthetic Pathway

Nicotine has traditionally been studied as an exogenous agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, but recent work has connected low-dose nicotine to NAD+ homeostasis and aging biology.

Metabolic Comorbidities Involving the Liver, Heart, and Kidney and Their Shared Targets

Metabolic comorbidities involving the liver, heart, and kidney form an interconnected disease spectrum in which metabolic risk factors, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) coexist and influence multiorgan outcomes.

Regulation of Inflammatory Metabolism by Gut Microbiota

Regulation of inflammatory metabolism by gut microbiota describes how microbial communities and their metabolites reshape metabolic programs in immune and intestinal epithelial cells, thereby influencing inflammatory homeostasis.

Key Metabolic Markers of Brain Aging

Brain aging can be characterized metabolically as an age-associated reorganization of cerebral energy use, redox balance, and small-molecule pathways rather than by a single metabolite.

Dual-Receptor Agonist Therapeutic Strategies for Metabolic Diseases

molecules engineered to activate two metabolically relevant receptors, with prominent programs combining glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) signaling with glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) or glucagon receptor (GCGR) signaling.

Innate Immunity Mediates the Regulation of Metabolic Homeostasis by Dietary Signals

Dietary regulation of metabolic homeostasis by innate immunity describes how nutrient- and microbiota-derived signals engage pattern-recognition pathways that reshape inflammation, insulin action, and energy balance.

Ubiquitination Regulates Tumor Metabolism and Cancer Therapy

Ubiquitination is a multistep post-translational modification that controls protein stability and diverse cellular activities, while deubiquitination counteracts ubiquitin-dependent regulation.

Tumor Metabolic Regulators Drive Metabolic Reprogramming and Cancer Therapy

The coordinated alteration of nutrient acquisition and metabolic pathways that enables malignant cells to meet bioenergetic, biosynthetic, and redox demands.

Sulfide Metabolism: Physiological Regulation and Disease Pathogenesis

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) metabolism comprises the regulated production, transformation, signaling, and clearance of sulfide and related reactive sulfur species in biological systems.

Itaconate, Succinate, and Fumarate Regulate Macrophage Inflammation

Itaconate, succinate, and fumarate are tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites that act as immunometabolic signals in activated macrophages rather than serving only as metabolic intermediates.

NADH Reductive Stress Mediates Redox and Disease Regulation

NADH reductive stress describes a redox imbalance in which excessive reducing equivalents, especially elevated NADH relative to NAD+, shift cellular redox homeostasis toward an abnormally reduced state.

Intestinal Ph Remodels Gut Microbiota Metabolism and Health

Intestinal pH is a physicochemical feature of the gut lumen that both reflects microbial fermentation and helps determine which microbes and metabolic routes prevail.

Endothelial Cell Metabolic Reprogramming Drives Cardiovascular Injury

Endothelial cell metabolic reprogramming describes changes in the intracellular metabolic pathways that support vascular endothelial cell function, homeostasis, growth, and stress responses.

Solute Carrier (SLC) Transporters and Metabolic Homeostasis

Solute carrier (SLC) transporters are membrane proteins that move a broad range of solutes across biological membranes, linking extracellular nutrient availability and intracellular compartmentalization to metabolism, signaling, and drug disposition.

Glucose Metabolism Dysregulation and Therapeutic Targets in Parkinson's Disease

Glucose metabolism dysregulation in Parkinson’s disease (PD) describes abnormalities in systemic and brain glucose handling that extend across glucose uptake, glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and the pentose phosphate pathway.

Bacterial Metabolism Mediates the Bidirectional Regulation of Antibiotic Resistance

Bacterial metabolism mediates the bidirectional regulation of antibiotic resistance because antibiotic action changes cellular metabolism while the pre-existing metabolic state changes antibiotic efficacy, resistance mechanisms, and the evolutionary routes by which resistance develops.

Choline Metabolism Mediates Multi-Organ Homeostasis and Disease Regulation

Choline metabolism mediates multi-organ homeostasis and disease regulation, neurotransmission, methyl-group metabolism, and organismal nutrient homeostasis.

Incretin Peptides: Neuroprotection and the Treatment of Encephalopathy

Incretin peptides, chiefly glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), are peptide hormones with established metabolic actions whose receptors and signaling functions also extend into the nervous system.

Insulin Signaling Network: Phosphorylation Regulation and Metabolic Homeostasis

The insulin signaling network is a phosphorylation-driven system that couples insulin receptor activation to nutrient utilization, storage, growth, and survival.