Topics

Immunoproteasome & Neurodegenerative Diseases

The immunoproteasome is a specialized form of the proteasome that is induced by inflammatory cytokines and cellular stress and contributes to antigen processing, protein quality control, and degradation of oxidatively damaged proteins.

Dietary Protein Restriction & Aging

Dietary protein restriction (PR) is a nutritional intervention that reduces protein or specific amino acid intake without necessarily reducing total energy consumption.

Kleptosomes: Animal Organelles Supporting Photosynthesis

Kleptosomes are newly identified host-derived organelles reported in 2025 that house and maintain stolen chloroplasts acquired by sacoglossan sea slugs from algal prey.

dsRNA: A Key Mediator of Cancer & Beyond

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was initially characterized as a molecular signature of viral infection, but accumulating evidence shows that endogenous dsRNA also arises from host-derived sources including endogenous retroviruses, transposable elements, mitochondrial transcripts, and sense-antisense transcription.

Gut Protozoa: Linking Intestinal and Lung Immunity

Gut protozoa are increasingly recognized as important components of the intestinal microbiota that influence host immunity.

DNA Methylation: From Physiology to Pathology

DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification in which a methyl group is transferred to the fifth carbon of cytosine to generate 5-methylcytosine, and it functions as a major regulator of gene expression, cellular differentiation, and tissue-specific transcriptional programs.

RNA Damage Response & Repair

RNA Damage Response and Repair (RDR) encompasses the cellular mechanisms that detect, process, repair, or eliminate damaged RNA molecules.

RNA Binding Proteins & Cardiovascular Health

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are proteins that directly bind RNA and regulate post-transcriptional gene expression through RNA splicing, maturation, localization, stability, and translation.

G-quadruplex & DNA Replication

G-quadruplexes (G4s) are noncanonical nucleic acid secondary structures formed by guanine-rich sequences through stacked G-tetrads stabilized by Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding.

Molecular Glues: A Core Tool In Cancer Therapy & Beyond

Molecular glues are small molecules that induce or stabilize protein-protein interactions and are best known for reprogramming the ubiquitin-proteasome system to promote selective protein degradation.

Palmitoylation: Bridging Physiology and Disease

Palmitoylation is a reversible lipid modification in which palmitate is covalently attached to protein cysteine residues, thereby regulating protein localization, stability, membrane association, and signaling activity.

Stem Cells & Neurodegenerative Diseases

Stem cells possess self-renewal and multilineage differentiation capacities, making them a central platform for regenerative medicine and neurodegenerative disease research.

Chromatin Remodelling: A Key Target in Cardiovascular Disease Therapy And Beyond

Chromatin Remodelling: A Key Target in Cardiovascular Disease Therapy And BeyondChromatin remodelling refers to the dynamic regulation of nucleosome organization and chromatin accessibility by ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling complexes, histone-modifying enzymes, and associated epigenetic regulators.

Lipid Nanoparticles: Key Nucleic Acid Delivery Vectors

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are the most clinically advanced non-viral delivery systems for nucleic acid therapeutics and enable the in vivo delivery of mRNA, siRNA, and other genetic cargos.

Migrasome: Cancer & Beyond Therapeutic Target

Migrasomes are a distinct class of extracellular vesicular structures generated during cell migration and were first described in 2015.

Neuropeptide: Connecting Nerves And Immunity

Neuropeptides are signaling molecules released by neurons that function at the interface of the nervous and immune systems and represent central mediators of neuroimmune communication.

Microglia-Neuron Crosstalk & Brain Homeostasis

Microglia-neuron crosstalk refers to the bidirectional communication network between microglia and neurons mediated by receptor-ligand interactions, cell-cell contacts, and soluble signaling molecules.

Mitochondrial Transfer: Cancer Therapeutic Target

Mitochondrial transfer refers to the intercellular movement of intact mitochondria or mitochondrial components that are subsequently utilized by recipient cells.

Gut Microbial Metabolites & Gut-X Axis

Gut microbial metabolites are bioactive molecules generated through microbial metabolism of dietary and host-derived substrates and include short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acid derivatives, tryptophan metabolites, and other small molecules.

Extrachromosomal DNA: A Driver of Therapeutic Failure in Cancer

Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) consists of large circular DNA elements that exist outside canonical chromosomes and frequently harbor amplified driver oncogenes in human cancers.

Live Cell Extrusion: A Mode of Cell Death Mediated by Energetic Stress

Live cell extrusion is a conserved mechanism that maintains epithelial cell-number homeostasis.

Tumor Metabolic Reprogramming

Tumor metabolic reprogramming refers to the adaptive remodeling of energy production and biosynthetic pathways that enables cancer cells to sustain proliferation, survive environmental stress, and support malignant progression.

Intermittent Fasting & Cancer Therapy

Intermittent fasting (IF) encompasses dietary interventions characterized by periodic restriction of food intake, including alternate-day fasting, time-restricted feeding, and fasting-mimicking regimens.

mtDNA: A Core Regulator In Tumor Therapy

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a circular genome located within mitochondria that encodes essential components of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system and mitochondrial RNA machinery.

Cellular Reprogramming: Core for Cancer Therapy & Beyond

Cellular reprogramming refers to the conversion of cell identity through transcription factors, epigenetic remodeling, small molecules, or microenvironmental cues.

Stress Granules & Neurodegenerative Diseases

Stress granules (SGs) are dynamic membrane-less ribonucleoprotein assemblies that form in response to cellular stress, including oxidative stress, heat shock, viral infection, and metabolic perturbation.

Phase Separation & Neurodegenerative Diseases

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a biophysical process in which proteins and nucleic acids self-organize into dynamic membrane-less condensates through multivalent weak interactions.

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps & Inflammatory Diseases

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are extracellular web-like structures composed of decondensed chromatin and antimicrobial proteins that were originally identified as a mechanism by which neutrophils capture and eliminate pathogens.

Mitophagy: A Central Target in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Mitophagy is a selective form of autophagy that eliminates damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria and thereby preserves mitochondrial quality control, cellular homeostasis, and neuronal survival.

Antisense Oligonucleotides & Neurological Disorders

Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are nucleic acid therapeutics that bind complementary RNA sequences to modulate splicing, induce target RNA degradation, or alter gene expression.

Protein Neddylation: Pathophysiology to Therapy

Protein neddylation is a ubiquitin-like post-translational modification in which NEDD8 is enzymatically conjugated to lysine residues on substrate proteins, thereby regulating protein activity, stability, conformation, and complex assembly.

Cellular Senescence & Age-related Diseases

Cellular senescence is a stable state of cell-cycle arrest triggered by diverse forms of cellular stress, including telomere shortening, DNA damage, oncogene activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and chromatin perturbation.

A Review of the Mechanisms and Applications of Protein-Protein Interactions (PPIs)

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are physical or functional connections formed by two or more proteins through specific interfaces, and they underlie signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, protein degradation, cell-cycle control, DNA repair, immune recognition, and cell death.

Protein-Protein Interaction: Therapeutic Target-Beyond Cancer

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) constitute the molecular framework that organizes signaling networks, gene regulation, metabolism, immunity, and cellular homeostasis.

Synaptic Plasticity & Brain Health

Synaptic plasticity is the activity-, experience-, development-, and injury-dependent modification of synaptic strength, number, and structure, and it remains a central mechanism for learning, memory, sensory adaptation, and brain health.

Oxidative Phosphorylation: Cancer & Beyond Therapeutic Target

Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is the mitochondrial energy-conversion process in which the electron transport chain uses reducing equivalents from NADH and FADH2 to generate a proton gradient that drives ATP synthase.

Immune Checkpoint: A Critical Target In Tumor Therapy

Immune checkpoints are inhibitory or costimulatory pathways that regulate T-cell activation, peripheral tolerance, and antitumor immune responses, and tumors can exploit these pathways to restrict effector T-cell function and establish immune escape.

Metal Ions: Key Modulators Of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Metal ions are essential brain micronutrients, and iron, copper, zinc, and manganese support neurotransmission, cellular metabolism, antioxidant defense, and enzyme cofactor functions.

Exosomes: A Critical Tool In Cancer Therapy & Beyond

Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles with an average diameter of approximately 100 nm, originate through the endosomal pathway, and carry nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, amino acids, and metabolites that can reflect the state of their parental cells; exosome research has therefore moved from a reticulocyte-maturation secretion phenomenon to a major framework for studying intercellular communication, organ homeostasis, disease progression, and biomedical applications.

Protein Misfolding & Neurodegenerative Diseases

Protein misfolding and neurodegenerative disease research examines abnormal protein conformations, aggregate formation, and neuronal injury.

Targeted Protein Degradation (TPD): From PROTACs to Molecular Glues

Targeted protein degradation is a drug discovery strategy that uses cellular protein degradation systems to selectively eliminate disease-associated proteins, and its core modalities include PROTACs and molecular glue degraders.

Immunometabolism: Nutrient Competition between Tumor and Immune Cells

Immunometabolism examines how metabolic pathways in the tumor microenvironment regulate antitumor immunity, immune escape, and therapeutic response.

Vaccine Formulation: From Adjuvants to RNA Delivery Systems

Vaccine formulation integrates antigens, adjuvants, and delivery systems to enhance immunogenicity and shape the magnitude, breadth, and durability of immune responses.

Circadian Rhythms & Cardiovascular Health

Circadian rhythms are endogenous ~24-hour timing systems that coordinate sleep-wake cycles, metabolism, endocrine signaling, and cardiovascular physiology.

Photodynamic Therapy: Past, Current, Future

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a light-activated therapeutic modality that combines photosensitizers, oxygen, and specific light wavelengths to generate reactive oxygen species for selective cellular destruction.