Violaxanthin
Violaxanthin is a naturally derived diepoxy xanthophyll carotenoid and light-harvesting accessory pigment with biological activities such as antioxidation and anti-inflammation. Violaxanthin transfers excitation energy to chlorophyll a under low-light conditions. Violaxanthin participates in the xanthophyll cycle and dissipates excess light energy in the form of heat, thereby protecting thylakoid membrane lipids from photo-oxidative damage. Violaxanthin exhibits activities including inhibition of lipid peroxidation, quenching of singlet oxygen, scavenging of DPPH free radicals, and scavenging of ABTS+ free radicals. Violaxanthin can be used in antioxidant-related research.
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- Pureza: 98.00%
- No. CAS: 126-29-4
- Fòrmula: C40H56O4
- Peso molecular:600.87
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Almacenamiento:
Solution, -20°C, 2 years
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Actividad biológica
Violaxanthin is converted into antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin in the leaves of wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana under high light conditions, while this conversion does not occur in the leaves of the npq1-2 mutant (lacking functional violaxanthin de-epoxidase); instead, it accumulates in the form of a violaxanthin+antheraxanthin+zeaxanthin pool in the leaves of the Arabidopsis thaliana npq1-2 mutant, and this accumulation occurs under both low light and high light conditions[1].
Violaxanthin (1,500 µmol of photons·m-2·s-1; 15 min) converts into antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin under high light, and this process occurs in leaves of the Arabidopsis npq4-1 mutant; by contrast, no such conversion is observed in leaves of the npq4-1 npq1-2 double mutant, which lacks functional violaxanthin de-epoxidase[1].
Violaxanthin can be heterologously synthesized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by reconstructing a β-carotene synthesis pathway synergistically enhanced by truncated ZEP, crtZ and Arabidopsis redox chaperones, with a corresponding yield of 7.3 mg/g cell dry weight. Targeting ZEP to the endoplasmic reticulum via the Cpr5p signal peptide can further increase violaxanthin yield, and the maximum violaxanthin yield of the cCrZEPer engineered strain in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain YPH500 reaches 31 μg/g cell dry weight[2].
Violaxanthin is biosynthesized by zeaxanthin (HY-120318) in photosynthetic eukaryotes (including higher plants) through anther xanthin under the action of zeaxanthin cyclooxygenase (ZEP), and participates in the lutein cycle to eliminate excess light energy[2].
Violaxanthin (1.25-80 µg/mL) exhibits concentration-dependent reducing capacity and DPPH free radical scavenging activity in vitro, with an EC50 of 41.42 µg/mL[3].
Violaxanthin (1.25-80 µg/mL) exhibits potent, concentration-dependent ABTS+ free radical scavenging activity in vitro, with an EC50 value of 15.25 µg/mL[3].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Chemical Information
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No. CAS 126-29-4
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Appearance Liquid
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Peso molecular 600.87
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Fòrmula C40H56O4
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Color Colorless to light yellow
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SMILES
C[C@@](O1)(C[C@H](CC2(C)C)O)[C@@]12/C=C/C(C)=C/C=C/C(C)=C/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/[C@]34[C@](O3)(C[C@H](CC4(C)C)O)C
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Structure Classification
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Initial Source
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Envío
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Almacenamiento
Solution, -20°C, 2 years
Pureza y Documentación
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Ficha de datos (267 KB)
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SDS (251 KB)
- English - EN (251 KB)
- Français - FR (251 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (251 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (251 KB)
- Español - ES (251 KB)
- Swedish - SV (251 KB)
- Italian - IT (251 KB)
- Korean - KR (251 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (251 KB)
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Instrucciones de manejo (2659 KB)
Referencias
[1]. Havaux M, et al. The violaxanthin cycle protects plants from photooxidative damage by more than one mechanism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1999 Jul 20;96(15):8762-7. [Content Brief]
[2]. Takemura M, et al. Violaxanthin: natural function and occurrence, biosynthesis, and heterologous production. Applied microbiology and biotechnology. 2021 Aug;105(16-17):6133-6142. [Content Brief]
Calculators
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Violaxanthin Related Classifications
HY-N9625 Related Classifications
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