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Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 (LPS, from Escherichia coli (O55:B5)) are endotoxins and TLR4 activators extracted from Escherichia coli (E. coli O55:B5) and are classified as S (smooth) type LPS. Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 possess the typical three-part structure: O-antigen, core oligosaccharide, and lipid A. Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 activate TLR-4 in immune cells, exhibit high pyrogenicity, and demonstrate dose and serotype specificity. Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 can be widely used to induce cellular inflammation and establish animal models related to inflammation.
It is recommended to prepare a solution with concentration ≥2 mg/mL. Vortex thoroughly for more than 10 minutes. Due to the adsorption characteristics of LPS, silanized container or low adsorption centrifuge tubes should be used for aliquoting and storage, and mix thoroughly before use.

Angiotensin II (Angiotensin II) is a vasoconstrictor and a major bioactive peptide of the renin/angiotensin system. Angiotensin II human plays a central role in regulating human blood pressure, which is mainly mediated by interactions between Angiotensin II and the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R). Angiotensin II human stimulates sympathetic nervous stimulation, increases aldosterone biosynthesis and renal actions. Angiotensin II human induces growth of vascular smooth muscle cells, increases collagen type I and III synthesis in fibroblasts, leading to thickening of the vascular wall and myocardium, and fibrosis. Angiotensin II human also induces apoptosis. Angiotensin II induces capillary formation from endothelial cells via the LOX-1 dependent redox-sensitive pathway.

3-Methyladenine (3-MA) is a PI3K inhibitor. 3-Methyladenine is a widely used inhibitor of autophagy via its inhibitory effect on class III PI3K.

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an analogue of uracil and a potent antitumor agent. 5-Fluorouracil affects pyrimidine synthesis by inhibiting thymidylate synthetase thus depleting intracellular dTTP pools. 5-Fluorouracil induces apoptosis and can be used as a chemical sensitizer. 5-Fluorouracil also inhibits HIV.

Palmitic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid commonly found in both animals and plants. PA can induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in in mouse granulosa cells. Palmitic acid is used to establish a cell steatosis model.

L-Ascorbic acid (L-Ascorbate), an electron donor, is an endogenous antioxidant agent. L-Ascorbic acid inhibits selectively Ca_v3.2 channels with an IC₅₀ of 6.5 μM. L-Ascorbic acid is also a collagen deposition enhancer and an elastogenesis inhibitor. L-Ascorbic acid exhibits anti-cancer effects through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and selective damage to cancer cells.

Thymidine, a specific precursor of deoxyribonucleic acid, is used as a cell synchronizing agent. Thymidine is a DNA synthesis inhibitor that can arrest cell at G1/S boundary, prior to DNA replication.

Leupeptin hemisulfate is a broad-spectrum protease inhibitor. By inhibiting the activation of the PTEN/PI3K/Akt/NF-κB/ERK1/2/p38 signaling pathway, Leupeptin hemisulfate significantly reduces LPS-induced NO and ROS production, mitochondrial membrane potential hyperpolarization, phagocytic activity, pro-inflammatory cytokine release, and M1 polarization in mouse peritoneal macrophages, and reverses autophagic flux impairment. It also decreases Concanavalin A (HY-P2149)-induced proliferation index of mouse splenic lymphocytes and the Th1/IL-10 and Th2/IL-10 cytokine ratios, thereby modulating innate and adaptive immune responses. Leupeptin hemisulfate inhibits blood coagulation and tumorigenesis in mouse skin. Leupeptin hemisulfate can be used in research on chronic inflammatory diseases and skin tumorigenesis.

Cyclosporin A (Cyclosporine A) is an immunosuppressant which binds to the cyclophilin and inhibits phosphatase activity of protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B/calcineurin) with an IC₅₀ of 5 nM. Cyclosporin A is a molecular glue, binds to cyclophilin and calcineurin, leading to inactivation of nuclear Factor of activated T Cells (NFAT) and a subsequent decrease in the immune response. Cyclosporin A also inhibits CD11a/CD18 adhesion.

AICAR (Acadesine) is an adenosine analog and a AMPK activator. AICAR is also an autophagy, YAP and mitophagy inhibitor. AICAR regulates the glucose and lipid metabolism, and inhibits proinflammatory cytokines and iNOS production. AICAR inhibits autophagy through a mechanism independent of AMPK activity.

Cytarabine, a nucleoside analog, causes S phase cell cycle arrest and inhibits DNA polymerase. Cytarabine inhibits DNA synthesis with an IC₅₀ of 16 nM. Cytarabine has antiviral effects against HSV. Cytarabine shows anti-orthopoxvirus activity.

Calcitriol is the most active metabolite of vitamin D and also a vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonist.

Melatonin is a hormone made by the pineal gland that can activate melatonin receptor and inhibit PANoptosis. Melatonin plays a role in sleep and possesses important antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Melatonin is a novel selective ATF-6 inhibitor and induces human hepatoma cell apoptosis through COX-2 downregulation. Melatonin attenuates palmitic acid-induced (HY-N0830) mouse granulosa cells apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Sulforaphane is an orally active inducer of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway. Sulforaphane promotes the transcription of tumor-suppressing proteins and effectively inhibits the activity of HDACs. Through the activation of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway and further induction of HO-1 expression, Sulforaphane protects the heart. Sulforaphane suppresses high glucose-induced pancreatic cancer through AMPK-dependent signal transmission. Sulforaphane exhibits both anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties.

Hemin is an iron-containing porphyrin. Hemin is an Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 inducer.

Cytochalasin B is a cell-permeable mycotoxin binding to the barbed end of actin filaments, disrupting the formation of actin polymers, with K_d value of 1.4-2.2 nM for F-actin. Cytochalasin B blocks cell migration.

Spermidine maintains cell membrane stability, increases antioxidant enzymes activities, improving photosystem II (PSII), and relevant gene expression. Spermidine significantly decreases the H₂O₂ and O₂^.- contents.

Colchicine, an orally active alkaloid, is a potent tubulin inhibitor and a microtubule disrupting agent. Colchicine inhibits microtubule polymerization with an IC₅₀ of 3 nM. Colchicine is also a competitive antagonist of the α3 glycine receptors (GlyRs). Colchicine prevents non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced small intestinal injury by inhibiting activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Colchicine has extensive anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and strong anti-fibrosis effects and has the potential for gouty arthritis research.

Pepstatin (Pepstatin A) is a specific, orally active aspartic protease inhibitor produced by actinomycetes, with IC₅₀s of 4.5 nM, 6.2 nM, 150 nM, 290 nM, 520 nM and 260 nM for hemoglobin-pepsin, hemoglobin-proctase, casein-pepsin, casein-proctase, casein-acid protease and hemoglobin-acid protease, respectively. Pepstatin also inhibits HIV protease.

Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous and BBB-permeable endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation.