2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-137984
    Cnicin
    		Activator 99.14%
    Cnicin is an orally bioavailable sesquiterpene lactone. Cnicin has antibacterial and antiproliferative properties and induces apoptosis in primary myeloma cells. Cnicin also exhibits activity against SARS-CoV-2. Cnicin inhibits the viral replication of SARS CoV-2 with an IC50 of 1.18 μg/mL. Cnicin can promote functional nerve regeneration.
    Cnicin
  • HY-N6908
    Continentalic acid
    		Inducer 99.72%
    Continentalic acid is a diterpenoid organic acid. Continentalic acid exhibits multiple activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, antibacterial and antitumor effects. Continentalic acid alleviates oxidative stress, reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production, inhibits MAPK phosphorylation and neutrophil infiltration, and induces growth inhibition and apoptosis of cancer cells. Continentalic acid can be used in research related to traumatic brain injury, cancer, inflammation and infections.
    Continentalic acid
  • HY-N2896
    Arjunolic acid
    		98.83%
    Arjunolic acid is an orally active, multifunctional bioactive compound. Arjunolic acid exhibits free radical scavenging activity, as well as fungal and bacterial activities. Arjunolic acid induces apoptosis (Apoptosis) in various cancer cells. Arjunolic acid protects hepatocytes against induced oxidative stress and apoptosis by reducing reactive oxygen species and inhibiting NF-κB activation. Arjunolic acid regulates pancreatic dysfunction in type 2 diabetic rats by blocking the activation of the TLR-4/MyD88 and canonical Wnt pathways. Arjunolic acid inhibits neuroinflammation and ameliorates depressive behaviors via the SIRT1/AMPK/Notch1 signaling pathway in microglia. Arjunolic acid improves Crohn's disease-like colitis by restoring gut microbiota composition and inhibiting TLR4 signaling. Arjunolic acid suppresses osteosarcoma progression by inhibiting Wnt3a-mediated M2 polarization of macrophages. Arjunolic acid ameliorates diabetic retinopathy via the autophagy pathway regulated by AMPK/mTOR/HO-1. Arjunolic acid is applicable to research related to type 2 diabetes, organ toxicity, depression, Crohn's disease, osteosarcoma, diabetic retinopathy, and testicular dysfunction.
    Arjunolic acid
  • HY-P11108
    RP-182
    		Inducer 98.68%
    RP-182 is a synthetic immunomodulatory peptide that exerts anti-tumor effects by targeting the mannose receptor CD206 (Kd = 8 μM) on the surface of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). RP-182 induces a conformational switch of the CD206 receptor, which activates NF-κB signaling and phagocytosis in CD206high TAMs. RP-182 has dual function: activation of canonical NF-κB signaling, triggering TNFα secretion and autocrine activation of the TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1), leading to activation of caspase 8, apoptosis, and cell death. RP-182 is used in pancreatic cancer and melanoma research.
    RP-182
  • HY-148598
    Curcumin 5-8
    		Inhibitor 98.58%
    Curcumin 5-8 (CUR5-8) is a potent and orally active naturally active curcumin (CUR) analog. Curcumin 5-8 inhibits lipid droplet formation. Curcumin 5-8 increases autophagy and inhibits Apoptosis. Curcumin 5-8 improves insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity.
    Curcumin 5-8
  • HY-B1899S
    Taurodeoxycholic acid-d5
    		Inhibitor
    Taurodeoxycholic acid-d5 is the deuterium labeled Taurodeoxycholic acid (HY-B1899). Taurodeoxycholic acid, a bile acid, stabilizes the mitochondrial membrane, decreases free radical formation. Taurodeoxycholic acid inhibits apoptosis by blocking a calcium-mediated apoptotic pathway as well as caspase-12 activation. Taurodeoxycholic acid exhibits neuroprotective effect in 3-nitropropionic acid induced mouse model or genetic mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD).
    Taurodeoxycholic acid-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-158208
    PMMB276
    		Inhibitor
    PMMB276 is a potent inhibitor of β-tubulin isotype III (Tubb3) polymerization and induced apoptosis. PMMB276 plays an important role in cancer research.
    PMMB276
  • HY-P99653A
    Ianalumab (FUT8-KO)
    		99.85%
    Ianalumab (VAY-736) (FUT8-KO) is an anti-BAFF-R monoclonal antibody expressed in CHO cells with the fucosyltransferase 8 gene (FUT8) knocked out. Fucose depletion enhances its B cell clearance capacity. Ianalumab (FUT8-KO) competitively blocks the binding of BAFF to BAFF-R, inhibits the BAFF-mediated alternative NF-κB pro-survival signaling pathway, and abrogates the apoptotic (apoptosis) protective effect of BAFF on cancer cells. Ianalumab (FUT8-KO) can be used in research related to primary Sjögren's syndrome and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
    Ianalumab (FUT8-KO)
  • HY-N9359
    Toddaculin
    		Inducer 99.73%
    Toddaculin is a natural coumarin that can induce differentiation and apoptosis in leukemic cells. Toddaculin suppresses excess osteoclast activity and enhances osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. Toddaculin also exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.
    Toddaculin
  • HY-N1423B
    Glycocholic acid hydrate
    		Inducer
    Glycocholic acid hydrate is a bile acid derivative. Glycocholic acid hydrate downregulates MDR1, Bcl-2, MRP1, MRP2 and FXR, upregulates Bax, p53, caspase-9, caspase-3, TGR5 and S1PR2. Glycocholic acid hydrate inhibits multidrug resistance and efflux pumps, induces mitochondrial apoptosis, and enhances chemosensitivity. Glycocholic acid hydrate modulates related bile acid receptor signaling. Glycocholic acid hydrate suppresses growth and conjugation of Enterobacteriaceae and increases their antibiotic susceptibility. Glycocholic acid hydrate can be used for the research of colon adenocarcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA).
    Glycocholic acid hydrate
  • HY-132971
    Thalidomide-piperazine hydrochloride
    		Inducer 98.27%
    Thalidomide-piperazine hydrochloride is a synthetic E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate, comprising a cereblon ligand based on Thalidomide (HY-14658) and one linker. Thalidomide-piperazine hydrochloride can be used in studies related to PROTAC synthesis.
    Thalidomide-piperazine hydrochloride
  • HY-N1429S1
    Taurochenodeoxycholic acid-d5 sodium
    		Inducer 98.12%
    Taurochenodeoxycholic acid-d5 (sodium) is the deuterium labeled Taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt (12-Deoxycholyltaurine sodium salt) is one of the main bioactive substances of animals' bile acid. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid induces apoptosis and shows obvious anti-inflammatory and immune regulation properties.
    Taurochenodeoxycholic acid-d<sub>5</sub> sodium
  • HY-N0413
    Hupehenine
    		Inducer 99.0%
    Hupehenine is an orally active isosteroidal alkaloid that can be extracted from F. hupehensis. Hupehenine exhibits activities such as antitussive, expectorant, anticancer, and antiparasitic. In vitro, Hupehenine can also inhibit α-synuclein seeded fibril formation, making it applicable for the research of Parkinson's disease and other related disorders.
    Hupehenine
  • HY-170574
    CQ627
    		Inducer 98.93%
    CQ627 is a molecular glue targeting the degradation of RIOK2. It effectively induces the degradation of RIOK2 in the MOLT4 leukemia cell line via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) by recruiting the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF126, with a DC50 value of 410 nM. CQ627 dose-dependently induces apoptosis in MOLT4 leukemia cells, blocks their cell cycle in the G2/M phase, and exhibits antiproliferative activities in various cancer cell lines. CQ627 also demonstrates in vivo anticancer activity in a MOLT4 xenograft mouse model.
    CQ627
  • HY-N0452R
    Hyperoside (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Hyperoside (Standard) is the analytical standard of Hyperoside. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Hyperoside is a NF-κB inhibitor, found from Hypericum monogynum. Hyperoside shows anti-tumor, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anti-oxidative activities, and can induce apoptosis.
    Hyperoside (Standard)
  • HY-19696AR
    Tauroursodeoxycholate sodium (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Tauroursodeoxycholate (sodium) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tauroursodeoxycholate (sodium). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tauroursodeoxycholate (Tauroursodeoxycholic acid; TUDCA) sodium is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor. Tauroursodeoxycholate significantly reduces expression of apoptosis molecules, such as caspase-3 and caspase-12. Tauroursodeoxycholate also inhibits ERK.
    Tauroursodeoxycholate sodium (Standard)
  • HY-148368
    CYD-4-61
    		Inducer 99.92%
    CYD-4-61 is a novel Bax activator used for breast cancer research. CYD-4-61 inhibits triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and ER-positive breast cancer MCF-7 cell lines proliferation. CYD-4-61 activates Bax protein to induce cytochrome c release and regulate apoptotic biomarkers, leading to cancer cell apoptosis.
    CYD-4-61
  • HY-175713
    Tubulin/CDC5L-IN-1
    		Inducer 99.34%
    Tubulin/CDC5L-IN-1 is a Tubulin/CDC5L dual inhibitor. Tubulin/CDC5L-IN-1 targets to CDCL5 with a KD of 103.7 μM. Tubulin/CDC5L-IN-1 can inhibit multiple cancer cell proliferation and induce G2/M phase arrest. Tubulin/CDC5L-IN-1 induce cell apoptosis and ROS production. Tubulin/CDC5L-IN-1 exhibits antiangiogenic effects. Tubulin/CDC5L-IN-1 can be used for the research of cancer, such as colon carcinoma.
    Tubulin/CDC5L-IN-1
  • HY-N1402
    Oxysophoridine
    		Inhibitor 99.18%
    Oxysophoridine (Sophoridine N-oxide) is a bioactive alkaloid extracted from the Sophora alopecuroides Linn. Oxysophoridine (Sophoridine N-oxide) shows anti inflammatory, anti oxidative stress and anti apoptosis effects.
    Oxysophoridine
  • HY-10261R
    Afatinib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Afatinib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Afatinib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Afatinib (BIBW 2992) is an orally active, potent and irreversible dual specificity inhibitor of ErbB family (EGFR and HER2), with IC50 values of 0.5 nM, 0.4 nM, 10 nM and 14 nM for EGFRwt, EGFRL858R, EGFRL858R/T790M and HER2, respectively. Afatinib can be used for the research of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and gastric cancer.
    Afatinib (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity