Polysaccharides

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Viscosity:800-1200 mPa.s) is the sodium salt of cellulose arboxymethyl and frequently used as viscous agent, paste and barrier agent.

FITC-Dextran (MW 10000) is a fluorescent probe for fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) dextran (Ex=495 nm; Em=525 nm). FITC-Dextran (MW 10000) can be used as a marker to reveal heat shock-induced cell damage and to study the early and late stages of apoptosis. FITC-Dextran (MW 10000) can also be used for cell permeability studies, such as blood-brain barrier permeability and determination of the extent of blood-brain barrier disruption.

Heparan sulfate, a complex and linear polysaccharide, exists as part of glycoproteins named heparan sulfate proteoglycans, which are expressed abundantly on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix.

Heparin is a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan,that is widely used as an injectable anticoagulant, and has the highest negative charge density of any known biological molecule. Heparin significantly inhibits exosome-cell interactions.

Methyl cellulose (MC) (Viscosity:100000mPa.s) is a non-ionic cellulose ether with surface activity and thermogelation properties. Methyl cellulose (Viscosity:100000mPa.s) is widely used as drug delivery agents, thickeners, stabilizers, emulsifiers, etc., in industries such as pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and construction.

Chitosan oligosaccharide (MW 2000) (COS (MW 2000)) is a degradation product of chitosan. It is an oligosaccharide composed of 2-20 glucosamine groups linked by β-(1→4) glycosidic bonds.

Dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) (MW 5000) is a polymer of dehydrated glucose with a molecular weight of approximately 5000. Dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) with different molecular weights exhibits different biological activities. Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 5000) is an inhibitor of complement and coagulation pathways, and belongs to the glycosaminoglycans (GAG) family. Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 5000) acts as an anticoagulant, antiviral, and anti-lipemic agent. Dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) stops HIV-1 virus adsorption to host cells. Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 5000) prevents NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 5000) inhibits instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR).

Fucoidan, a biologically active polysaccharide, is an efficient inhibitor of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Anticoagulant, antitumor, antioxidant and antisteatotic activities.

Hyaluronic acid sodium (Sodium hyaluronate) is a biopolymer composed of repeating units of disaccharides with various applications. Hyaluronic acid sodium is a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Hyaluronic acid sodium is synthesized at the plasma membrane. Increased hyaluronic acid sodium levels are associated with tumor cell growth, adhesion, migration, invasion and angiogenesis in digestive cancers. Hyaluronic acid sodium participates in tissue remodeling and rapid cell proliferation in some physiological processes including embryonic morphogenesis and wound-healing. Hyaluronic acid sodium activates the PI3K-Akt signaling. Hyaluronic acid sodium acts as a regulator of cancer-associated lymphangiogenesis. Hyaluronic acid sodium also enhances cell invasion and angiogenesis by promoting proteolytic MMP-9 binding to cell surface or stimulating MMP-9 binding to cell surface. Hyaluronic acid sodium can be used as drug delivery for sodium butyrate to improve the anti-proliferative activity on breast cancer cell line. Hyaluronic acid sodium can be studied in joint diseases, wound healing and cancer.

Chondroitin sulfate, one of five classes of glycosaminoglycans, has been widely used in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Chondroitin sulfate reduces inflammation mediators and the apoptotic process and is able to reduce protein production of inflammatory cytokines, iNOS and MMPs.

Zymosan A (Zymosan A from Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is a TLR2 agonist, that targeting TLRs can prevent and suppress IR-induced intestinal injury. Zymosan A exhibits a significant radioprotective effect, and protects IR-induced intestinal injury in mice. Zymosan A promotes the regeneration of intestinal stem cells (ISCs), after IR injury.

Curdlan is a polysaccharide found in bacteria, consisting of a glucose homopolymer with β-1,3-glycosidic linkages. Curdlan can be recognized by Dectin-1 (a C-type lectin receptor), inducing immune responses in tissue mast cells and enhancing dendritic cell effects in tumor immunity. Curdlan holds potential for research in cancer and immune-inflammatory diseases.

HPMC (Viscosity:11250-21000mPa.s) is a hydrophilic, non-ionic cellulose ether used to form swellable-soluble matrices.

Methyl cellulose (MC) (Viscosity:4000mPa.s) is a non-ionic cellulose ether with surface activity and thermogelation properties. Methyl cellulose (Viscosity:4000mPa.s) is widely used as drug delivery agents, thickeners, stabilizers, emulsifiers, etc., in industries such as pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and construction.

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Viscosity:300-800mpa.s) is the sodium salt of cellulose arboxymethyl and frequently used as viscous agent, paste and barrier agent.

Sodium alginate is an anionic straight chain polysaccharide. Sodium alginate can be obtained from different species of algae. Sodium alginate has different properties, such as pH-sensitivity, nontoxicity, nonimmunogenicity. Sodium alginate has weak gelation, viscosity, and film-forming properties. Sodium alginate can be utilized to prepare gels and film materials for food preservation. Sodium alginate is a versatile functional biomaterial for viscosity enhancement, stabilizer, matrixing agent, encapsulation polymer, bioadhesive and film former.

Laminaran is an β-1-3-glucan and a typical ligand for Dectin-1 from Eisenia Bicyclis, has potent immunomodulating, radioprotective, and anticancer activities. Laminaran is made up of β (1→3)-glucan with β (1→6)-branches and can be catalyzed by enzymes such as laminarinase (EC 3.2.1.6) that breaks the β (1→3) bonds. Laminaran is a promising immune stimulatory molecule for use in cancer immunotherapy.

Glycol chitosan is a chitosan derivative with ethylene glycol branches. Glycol chitosan enhances membrane permeability and leadkage in Glycine max Harosoy 63W cells. Glycol chitosan is biocompatible and biodegradable. Glycol chitosan inhibits E. coli, S. aureus and S. enteritidis growths with MIC values of 4 μg/mL, 32 μg/mL and <0.5 μg/mL, respectively.

β-1,3-Glucan (β Glucan) is an orally active polysaccharide composed of glucose polymers. β-1,3-Glucan increase the activity of IKKβ kinase, enhances the production of nitric oxide. β-1,3-Glucan improves resistance to Vibrio harveyi infection. β-1,3-Glucan enhances immune response, promotes blood pressure recovery, reduces lung, kidney and liver damage, inhibits the growth of syngeneic tumors.

D-Glucan is an orally effective Dectin-1 receptor immune activator with antioxidant properties (reducing TNF-α). D-Glucan activates macrophages and neutrophils to scavenge free radicals, inhibit oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, and improve insulin sensitivity. D-Glucan promotes glycolysis by enhancing the activity of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione, inhibiting gluconeogenesis and activating GK. D-Glucan can be used in the research of liver damage protection (antagonizing Acetaminophen (HY-66005) toxicity), radiation protection (synergistic with vitamin E) and diabetes (improving glucose metabolism).