Euphorbia esula L.

Ingenol 3,20-dibenzoate is a potent protein kinase C (PKC) isoform-selective agonist. Ingenol 3,20-dibenzoate induces selective translocation of nPKC-delta, -epsilon, and -theta and PKC-mu from the cytosolic fraction to the particulate fraction and induces morphologically typical apoptosis through de novo synthesis of macromolecules. Ingenol 3,20-dibenzoate increases the IFN-γ production and degranulation by NK cells, especially when NK cells are stimulated by NSCLC cells.

Ingenol 3-monobenzoate (Ingenol 3-benzoate) is a disgust inducing agent. Ingenol 3-monobenzoate can bind to and activate PKC (K_i=0.14 nM), inhibit the gene expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, thereby inhibiting gluconeogenesis, and increasing blood cortisol levels, producing food aversion.

25-Hydroperoxycycloart-23-en-3β-ol is an anticancer, antibacterial, and antimalarial agent. 25-Hydroperoxycycloart-23-en-3β-ol can be isolated from Blepharodon nitidum. 25-Hydroperoxycycloart-23-en-3β-ol exhibits anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis and antileishmanial activities. 25-Hydroperoxycycloart-23-en-3β-ol shows significant cytotoxic activity against a panel of tumor cell lines (large cell lung cancer, melanoma, colon adenocarcinoma, chronic myelogenous leukemia).