Euphorbiaceae

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; TPA; Phorbol myristate acetate), a phorbol ester, is a dual SphK and protein kinase C (PKC) activator. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate is a NF-κB activator. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induces differentiation in THP-1 cells (Validated by MedChemExpress).

Resiniferatoxin ((+)-Resiniferatoxin), is a selective agonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor agonist. Resiniferatoxin can be isolated from the Euphorbia resinifera plant. Resiniferatoxin eliminates TRPV1+ primary sensory afferents and blunt cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex for a relatively long period.

Rottlerin, a natural product purified from Mallotus Philippinensis, is a specific PKC inhibitor, with IC₅₀ values for PKCδ of 3-6 μM, PKCα,β,γ of 30-42 μM, PKCε,η,ζ of 80-100 μM. Rottlerin acts as a direct mitochondrial uncoupler, and stimulates autophagy by targeting a signaling cascade upstream of mTORC1. Rottlerin induces apoptosis via caspase 3 activation. Rottlerin inhibits HIV-1 integration and Rabies virus (RABV) infection.

Ingenol Mebutate is an active ingredient in Euphorbia peplus, acts as a potent PKC modulator, with K_is of 0.3, 0.105, 0.162, 0.376, and 0.171 nM for PKC-α, PKC-β, PKC-γ, PKC-δ, and PKC-ε, respectively, and has antiinflammatory and antitumor activity.

Corilagin, a gallotannin, has anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities. Corilagin inhibits activity of reverse transcriptase of RNA tumor viruses. Corilagin also inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC of 25 μg/mL. Corilagin shows anti-tumor activity on hepatocellular carcinoma and ovarian cancer model. Corilagin shows low toxicity to normal cells and tissues.

12-Deoxyphorbol 13-palmitate is a traditional Chinese medicine monomer with antitumor activity that can be isolated from the root of Euphorbia fischeriana. 12-Deoxyphorbol 13-palmitate induces gastric cancer cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by regulating key cell cycle regulators such as cyclin B、cyclin A and CDC2. In addition, 12-Deoxyphorbol 13-palmitate can significantly weaken APOL2–SERCA2–PERK–HES1 signaling and slow liver fibrosis by targeting APOL2.

Trigonostemon F is a modified euphorbia diterpenoid, which is found in the roots of Trigonostemon thyrsoideum and the stems of Trigonostemon howii. Trigonostemon F inhibits the proliferation of human tumor cell lines and the growth of specific bacteria in vitro. Trigonostemon F is applicable to cancer-related research.

8,11-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester is a polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl ester that can be extracted from castor seeds via direct ultrasonic transesterification.

Geraniin is a TNF-α releasing inhibitor with numerous activities including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hyperglycemic activities, with an IC₅₀ of 43 μM.

Chrysoeriol is a kind of natural yellow ash, which can be used for heating plants Coronopus didymus. Chrysoeriol suppresses the JAK2/STAT3, IκB/p65, and NF-κB pathways, and has strong anti-inflammatory activity.

4-Isopropylbenzoic acid (Cuminic acid; p-Isopropyl benzoic acid) an aromatic monoterpenoid, is isolated from the stem bark of Bridelia retusa. 4-Isopropylbenzoic acid exhibits antifungal activities. 4-Isopropylbenzoic acid is also a reversible and uncompetitive inhibitor of mushroom tyrosinase.

(-)-Securinine is plant-derived alkaloid and also a GABA_A receptor antagonist.

Syringaldehyde is a polyphenolic compound belonging to the group of flavonoids and is found in different plant species like Manihot esculenta and Magnolia officinalis. Syringaldehyde moderately inhibits COX-2 activity with an IC₅₀ of 3.5 μg/mL. Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-inflammatory activities.

Mequinol (4-Methoxyphenol)yes MercurialisOne of the bioactive ingredients, mainly used for skin discoloration. MequinolIs an antioxidant that has additive/synergistic effects on carcinogenesis when combined with other phenolic antioxidants. Mequinolalso promote hERαDependent chaperone production with potential estrogenic activity.

Jolkinolide B is a bioactive diterpene isolated from the roots of Euphorbia fischeriana Steud with oral activity. Jolkinolide B downregulates XIAP, cIAP1, cIAP2, and phosphorylated Akt, upregulates Smac, activates caspase-3 and caspase-9, and inhibits NF-κB, TGFβ/smad3 and JAK/STAT3 pathways. Jolkinolide B exerts comprehensive biological effects including inducing cancer cell apoptosis, suppressing inflammatory responses, improving lung function, alleviating hepatic steatosis and eliminating intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Jolkinolide B can be used for the research of leukemia, histiocytic lymphoma, asthma, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and tuberculosis.

9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid is an oxidation product of oleic acid. 9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid can improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in KKAy mice.

Crotonoside is isolated from Chinese medicinal herb, Croton. Crotonoside inhibits FLT3 and HDAC3/6, exhibits selective inhibition in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Crotonoside could be a promising new lead compound for the research of AML.

Ricinoleic acid (purity≥85%), a hydroxy fatty acid, is an attractive feedstock for the production of high-performance lubricants, cosmetics, polymers, surfactants, and coatings. Ricinoleic acid is the main active ingredient of Castor oil (HY-107799). Ricinoleic acid is the agonist for prostaglandin EP3 receptor (EP3 receptor) (EC₅₀ in MEG-01 is 0.5 μM), that causes laxative effects and uterine contraction. Ricinoleic acid exhibits antianxiety-like, anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory properties.

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; TPA; Phorbol myristate acetate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications.

Phorbol is the flagship member of the tigliane diterpene family. Phorbol can be isolated from natural sources and through semisynthesis. Phorbol can form esters that have a wide array of biological properties, which includes the induction of angiogenesis in vitro and promoting tumor in vivo.